Shrimp Farming
vaname tiger shrimp and can live in salt concentration range is very wide , between 0.5 ppt to 45 ppt
Raising shrimp and vaname actually not only be done in brackish water ponds . By applying the traditional system and semiintensif , the cultivation of shrimp and vaname can also be done on freshwater ponds . Ketut Sugama , Head of Aquaculture Research Center - BRKP in his paper says , the shrimp can live in salinity range is very wide , between 0.5 ppt to 45 ppt.
Not just can, in freshwater shrimp culture also has advantages , particularly to reduce the risk of shrimp disease caused by viruses and bacteria that infect many brackish waters . " Any latarbelakangnya is to reduce the risk of disease, "said Ahmad Afif , researchers from the Center for Aquaculture Research .
With such background , it's no surprise that the development of shrimp culture in freshwater is not widely done seriously in foreign countries , like Thailand , the United States and several Latin American countries in the region with a success rate that is quite satisfactory .
Afif said , actually fresh water shrimp cultivation in the traditional system has also been carried out by the cultivators in Lamongan , Lampung and Polman - Sulbar . Farmers usually utilize paddy fields by using the cropping pattern with fish and rice . The results were quite promising. 1 ha of rice fields planted to 10 thousand of tiger shrimp fry shrimp can produce 1.75 quintal size 35 , with duration of 90 days of maintenance . These results were coupled with four and seven quintal quintal rice milk .
Unfortunately , it has not been taken more seriously by the government. Though prospects for the development of freshwater prawn farming is big enough , especially if they see vast potential for freshwater ponds , a distance of 2-3 km from the coastline and has not been utilized optimally. " We ( the BRKP - ed) have long suggested that the Directorate General of Fisheries and Aquaculture , but until now still has not responded . Although only using the traditional pattern , if it developed a serious national shrimp production could increase , "added Sudradjat .
Adaptation Shrimp Fry , Main Lock
However, the cultivation of shrimp in fresh water is also not free from constraints . Especially in adapting fries that have been used to living in water of high salinity ( 30 ppt ) to get used to life in freshwater ( 1-2 ppt salinity ) . "Hence, the adaptation time is very crucial. Usually the size fries adapt pembenih PL 12 by way of reducing the salinity of 1 ppt / day. Size of fry to be grown is also greater , ie PL 30-40 , "said Afif .
Choosing tips Seed Shrimp
Seed production is one of the factors which play an important role in supporting the successful cultivation of tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) in ponds . cultivation of land so ideally accompanied by a very intensive management will be in vain if no counter-balanced with good seed selection . Thus techniques / procedures for selecting seed shrimps which either must be properly known by the farmers or farmers' ponds.
Most farmers rely on the feeling that in choosing who will spread the seed shrimp , so no measures that are qualitatively and quantitatively can be used as a reference standard in making decisions among farmers from one another . In this paper we will try to formulate a simple few steps in selecting seed shrimps which is technically possible to do by most farmers . The first stage : Observing the appearance of the seed directly in the bed of seed production . The second stage : Observing the appearance of the seed samples in the basin of white and glass beaker . Step three: Perform the endurance test with formalin test salinity shock . The fourth stage : Conducting shipping selected seed samples to the laboratory test .
SEED PRODUCTION AND QUALITY
A large number of tiger shrimp pembenih , shortlyyebabkan height variation of seed produced. Factors that most influence is the low price of shrimp fry , so pembenih trying economical in cost calculations opersionalnya . Artificial feed and natural food artemia as a whole more than 60 % of operational costs , so this is where pembenih trying to save a lot by lowering the standard of food quality or dose usage.
With such conditions , the quality of seeds will be extremely varied . jelly fish farmers have in choosing a good seed . Better directed at the good seed even though the price is relatively more expensive , than get a cheaper seed , but the quality is not good .
CHOOSE THE SEED STAGE FOUR tiger shrimp
Stages of seed selection in the form of tiger shrimp fry can be prepared based on the level of simplicity in the observation at each stage . Can basically be paid on the following four stages :
1 . Observing the appearance of the seed directly in the seed production tanks
By looking at the condition of the seed directly in the vessel maintenance , it will increase confidence in the quality of seeds will be selected. Good seed must be in good condition maintenance media as well. By looking directly into the vessel maintenance will know how the water quality conditions and how the condition of seeds in the trough. At this stage the need to be observed is the size , number , movement and water conditions the media.
Size: uniform , relatively long ( > 1.0 cm ) , stadia > PL12 , uropoda have developed ( through pigmentation ) , much against the wall . Seed shrimps on the stage of > PL12 , the organ has developed a complete and has had a relatively stronger adaptability to new environment ponds ( Anonymous 0.1999 -a) .
Total : insufficient demand , the population in the vessel maintenance , including solid (indicating high SR ) . cultivated sufficient criteria can be met from one source , with the aim of preventing the occurrence of variation in the growth of shrimp in ponds . high SR indicates that during the production process of the seeds were not experiencing major problems both in terms of environment and disease.
Movement : active , resposifterhadap direction of light ( fototaksis is positive ) , if given feed showed an excellent response ( in an area that many came to feed ) . Healthy seeds will be more clustered with very attractive movement in the area near the water surface in the direction of arrival of the light position . To see the response to feeding , aeration is turned off briefly and then sown on the surface of artificial feed water, the seeds will be gathered near the feed lot ( Anonymous 0.1999 - b ) .
Media Air Condition Maintenance plankton live, Egypt , clean and not smelling, not much good dirt on the wall or at the bottom of the tub. Number of sewage in the primary vessel wall or showing lack of good management . There is the possibility of improper feeding management as needed or poor water management . If this occurs should be avoided ( the seeds were not selected) .
In general view of seed quality by looking directly at the vessel maintenance is relatively easier compared to only see the seed samples are hosted by someone. scale observations of samples to be discussed in the second to the fourth stage will be carried out only when conditions look good seed is the first stage of this observation .
2 . Observing the appearance of seeds in a white basin and glass beaker
Having escaped the observation of the first stage , then began to take seed samples to be observed further. Observations of seed samples in a simple to implement in the field by the farmer is watching the seeds with a white basin and glass beaker . At this stage the need to be observed are: the body color , uniformity of size, movement , eye color and macro- parasites ( parasites that large ) .
With a white basin , the trend of seed uniformity of appearance . The strength of seeds will be more clearly seen than in seeing the tub without tools . We played water in the basin , the healthy seed will quickly disperse and swim against arus water. Weak seed will remain silent in the middle basin , the fewer the seeds that fell silent in the middle basin means that more and more proportion of healthy seedlings . body color depending on the color of the seed that grows and plankton dominant color vessel walls , in general, blackish - brown seeds transparent (clear) . relatively long and uniform size .
With a glass beaker seed appearance will be clearer to see more detail about the completeness of the organs , body color and the possibility of dirt on the surface of the body ( parasite ) . Healthy seeds will be visible on foot pool , complete and normal development of organs and berparasit not look clean . With a glass beaker large parasites will be visible , for example, are often called shrimp boots . Mikroparasit are unable to be detected in this way, but must be with the aid of a microscope. Eye color is not white silver, white seeds with a silver eye is one indicator of the seed in a weak condition , sensitive to environmental changes .
3 . endurance test with formalin test and salinity shock
After beating the first stage and second observations , we must observe the third stage of the endurance test of the seed . endurance test / stress test is an easy to do in the field is with formalin and immersion salinity shock ( Sumarwan , 2003 ) .
resistance to the formalin test is important because later on when the harvest should be done skrinning fries in total before dipacking . If the resistance to formalin test with the scale of the sample showed a low SR ( eg less than 90 % ) , it will be very risky in skrinning masalnya . Because the dose and the duration of immersion in the same mass skrinning during endurance test . In the formalin test done soaking the seeds in a solution of formalin for 30 minutes , and then calculated survival ( SR ) . Seed is considered good if the SR on the formalin test achieved> 95 % . virus -infected seeds or in weak condition will not be strong through this skrinning stage , so hopefully will not transmit the disease when grown in ponds.
In the endurance test with the shock of salinity , the seed samples from salt water put in fresh water for 15 minutes , then transferred to salt water again for 30 minutes just calculated SR. Seed is considered good if the SR achieved> 90 % . salinity shock was likely to test the strength of the seed , although seed looks good but if its durability is weak would be many who died when soaked in fresh water all of a sudden .
4 . Transferring selected seed samples to the laboratory test
In the observation of the seed laboratory most farmers can not afford to do themselves , so they can take advantage of the nearest testing laboratory services . In laboratory observations generally observed microscopically , especially on the completeness of the organ , necrosis , gastrointestinal tract , parasites , and other pigmentation . In addition to detecting viruses inveksi were observed by PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction ) . PCR mainly directed to detect harmful viruses such as SEMBV .
Observations in the laboratory aims to provide qualitative and quantitative data that are national and international standards have been recognized for accuracy. However laboratoriumjustru test results are complete only to support the spread of seed selection decisions after passing the first stage up to third above.
After getting all the seeds of observation data and decided to take one of the most trusted source of seed , then the next stage of harvesting the seeds. At the time of harvesting the seeds of this , it must be done sorting . dipacking ascertained that the seed has passed the 200 ppm formalin immersion for 30 minutes . If there is a difference between the salinity of pond water with water in the tub maintenance of seed , it needs to be strived for salinity adjusted gradually .
CULTIVATION tiger shrimp
( Palaemonidae / Penaeidae )
Shrimp - Palaemonidae / Penaeidae
1 . A BRIEF HISTORY
Shrimp is a brackish water species of fish consumption , segmented body numbered 13 ( 5 sections head and chest segment 8 ) and the whole body is covered by outer skeleton called eksosketelon . Generally, there are shrimp in the market mostly consists of marine shrimp . Only a small fraction of the freshwater shrimp , especially in areas around major rivers and swamps near the coast. freshwater shrimp are generally included in the family Palaemonidae , so that the experts often call it a group of shrimp palaemonid . marine shrimp , especially from the family Penaeidae , which can be called by experts penaeid shrimp . Lobster is one food source of high quality animal protein . For Indonesia, shrimp is the belle of non-oil exports . world consumer demand for shrimp increased by an average of 11.5 % per year . Although there are still many obstacles , but until now the shrimp -producing countries become the new competition Indonesian shrimp exports continued to appear .
2 . FISHERIES CENTER
Regional distribution of tiger prawn seeds , among others : South Sulawesi ( mild , Tamanroya , Nassara , Suppa ) , Central Java ( Sluke , Lasem ) , and East Java ( Banyuwangi , Situbondo , Tuban , Bangkalan , and Sumenep ) , Aceh , West Nusa Tenggara , East Kalimantan , and others .
3 . TYPE
Classification shrimp are as follows :
Class : Crustacea ( crustaceans )
Sub - class : Malacostraca ( higher crustaceans )
Superordo : Eucarida
Order: Decapoda ( ten -legged animals )
Sub - order : Natantia ( feet used for swimming )
Family: Palaemonidae , Penaeidae
4 . BENEFITS
1 . Shrimp is a food that contains high protein , namely 21 % , and low in cholesterol , since only 0.2 % fat content . vitamin content in 100 grams of material is 60 SI/100 vitamin A , and vitamin B1 0.01 mg . While it is important minerals calcium and phosphorus , respectively 136 mg and 170 mg per 100 grams of material .
2 . Shrimp can be processed in several ways , such as frozen , dried , canned , paste , crackers, etc. .
3 . shrimp processing waste in the form of comb ( the meat at the base of the head ) can be used to make shrimp pasta and protein hydrolyzate .
4 . Waste in the form of the head and legs can be made of flour shrimp shrimp , as a source of cholesterol for shrimp cultivation .
5 . in the form of shrimp shell waste containing chitin and 25 % in developed countries already can be used in the pharmaceutical industry , cosmetics , biotechnology , textiles , paper, food , etc. .
6 . Chitosan contained in shrimp heads may be utilized in the fabric industry , for fire resistant and can add strength dyes with the nature that is not easily soluble in water.
5 . LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1 . Location suitable for shrimp farming is on the areas along the coast ( a few meters from sea level ) with an average temperature of 26-28 degrees C.
2 . Land that is ideal for shrimp farming is a textured clay or sandy clay , because it can hold water . Soil texture is easily compressed and is not broken.
3 . basic soil texture composed of dusty clay mud or sandy mud , with sand content of no more than 20 % . Land should not be porous ( ngrokos ) .
4 . Type desired by the waters are brackish water shrimp or fresh water depending on the type of prawn. The most suitable areas for aquaculture is a tidal area with 2-3 meter tide fluctuations .
5 . physical parameters : temperature / temperature = 26-30 degrees C, the amount of salt / salinity = 0-35 per mil and optimal = 10-30 per mil , brightness = 25-30 cm of water (measured with a Secchi disk)
6 . chemical parameters : pH = 7.5 to 8.5 ; DO = 4-8 mg / liter ; Ammonia ( NH3 ) < >
6 . TECHNICAL GUIDELINES CULTIVATION
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
Terms of embankment construction :
1 . damparan resistant to large waves , strong winds and flooding. The minimum distance from shore aquaculture is a minimum of 50 meters or 50 meters from the river bantara .
2 . pond environment and its water should be quite good for life shrimp so it can grow normally since sown until harvest .
3 . Dike should be solid and strong and does not leak or seeping water resistant to erosion .
4 . pond design must be suitable and easy for everyday operations , thus saving energy.
5 . In accordance with the carrying capacity of available land .
6 . Maintain cleanliness and hygiene products.
7 . pemasuk channels with separate water drainage .
pond making techniques are divided into three systems tailored to the location , cost, and operation of its implementation, ie ponds, extensive , semi intensive and intensive .
1 . Extensive ponds or Traditional
1 . Built on tidal land , which is generally in the form of mangrove swamps , or tidal marshes and grass heath .
2 . The shape and size of the plot of a pond does not irregular .
3 . The extent of between 3-10 ha per plot .
4 . Each plot has a circumference channel ( caren ) 50-10 m wide along the side of the map around . In the middle is also made caren from corner to corner ( diagonally ) . caren depth of 30-50 cm deeper than the surrounding so-called court . Part of the court can only contain only 30-40 cm .
5 . In the middle plot map was made smaller and shallower for mengipur nener new arrivals during the first month.
6 . In addition there are several types of traditional ponds , eg types and the funnel- type park that was developed in Sidoarjo , East Java .
7 . In this pond there is no fertilization .
2 . Semi Intensive pond
1 . The form is generally rectangular plot with an area of 1-3 ha / plot .
2 . Each map has a door entry ( inlet ) and expenditure door ( outlets ) are separated for the purpose of replacing the water , the preparation of the pool before the dotted seeds, and harvesting .
3 . caren a diagonal width of the door menyerong 50-10 m ( pipe ) inlet toward the door ( pipe ) outlets . Basic caren tilted toward the outlet to facilitate draining of water and collection of shrimp at harvest time .
4 . caren depth of 30-50 cm from the court of the difference .
5 . The depth of water in the courtyard of only 40-50 cm .
6 . There is also a farmer who makes caren around the Courtyard .
3 . Intensive pond
1 . Map a berukuan 0.2 to 0.5 ha / plot , so that water management and supervision easier.
2 . Swimming / plot maintenance can be made of concrete or fully off the ground as usual . Or walls of the wall , while the base is still ground.
3 . Usually a square with a door and door disposal in the middle of harvest in the dike Monik model exhaust channel . The shape and construction of semi-intensive pond resembles a square.
4 . until hard compacted ground floor , covered by sand / gravel. usually from the walls of the dike , while the sea water and fresh water are mixed in a mixing vessel before entering the pond .
5 . rain water drainage pipes or sewage, which carried on the wind , set to die in a corner plot.
6 . Aerated to increase the levels of O2 in water.
7 . Replacement of water which is very often made possible by the use of pumps .
The infrastructure required in shrimp aquaculture ponds include :
1 . Map a Pond
1 . Should be made in the form of units. Every single unit of irrigation ponds originated from a single large door , which is the main water gate or Laban . One unit consists of three different ponds map : nursery plot , plot glondongan ( buyaran ) and enlargement with a plot area ratio 1:9:90 .
2 . In addition, there is also a map dividing the water , which is the deepest part . From the divisor plot , each plot received the water for the filling . Every map should have their own water gate , map , called the door , the door to a secondary , or tokoan . Map a funnel -shaped channel also called water divider .
3 . Each map consists of caren and Courtyard.
2 . Bund / Embankment
1 . There are two kinds of dike , which is the main embankment and dike between .
2 . The main embankment is a dike around the unit , which protects the unit in question from outside influences. Height of 0.5 m above the highest tide . Width of top approximately 2 m. outer sides made oblique to the slope of 1:1.5 . Whereas for the inner side of the embankment slope is 1:1 .
3 . Pemapliers between the embankments that restrict mapped with each other in one unit .
4 . Its size depends on local circumstances , for example : height 1-2 m , width of the top 0.5 to 1.5 . sloping sides are made with a slope of 1:1 . Bund created by digging a channel around the distance of 1 m dike The distance is usually called berm .
3 . Water Channels and Portals
1 . Drainage must be sufficiently wide and deep, depending on local circumstances , ranging from 30-10 m in width and depth that allows parallel to the surface of the lowest ebb . mangrove trees planted along its banks as a protector .
2 . There are two kinds of water-gate , which is the main water gate ( Laban ) and secondary water gate ( tokoan / gate map ) .
3 . The door serves as a channel for water exit from and entry of water into the ponds, which are included in one unit .
4 . Wide mouth main door between 0.8 to 1.2 m , height and length are adjusted to the height and width of the dike . Essentially lower than the basic mobile channels , as well as parallel to the water intake channel basis .
5 . Materials of manufacture include: spouse of cement , or wood materials ( iron wood , teak , coconut wood , palm wood , etc. )
6 . Each door is equipped with two rows of boards and between them filled with soil so-called weaknesses .
7 . Sluice is equipped with a filter , which filters out overlooking the water channel and the filter in a plot overlooking the pond . The filters are made of bamboo puppy , and for the filter in a plastic coated or palm .
4 . Patron :
1 . As a protective material on the maintenance of shrimp in ponds , can be mounted FADs made of wood or twigs of dried coconut leaves . Shade trees along the embankment can also be used as a protector .
2 . FADs fitted with a distance of 6-15 m in the pond . FADs also serves to prevent hanyutnya kelekap or moss , that accumulate in one corner of the wind .
5 . Installation of turbines :
1 . Windmill is usually installed after maintenance from 1.5 to 2 months , because the shrimp is strong enough to stirring water.
2 . Windmill installed 3-4 units / ha . Power solubility of O2 into the water by playing the windmill was reached 75-90 % .
6.2. Seeding
1 . Preparing Seeds ( Shrimp Fry )
Shrimp / prawn seeds can be obtained from the hatchery ( Hatchery ) or from nature . In nature there are two kinds of groups of tiger prawn seeds ( fry ) according to size, namely :
1 . Seeds are still fine , which is called post larvae . There are at the edges of the beach. Her life is pelagic , ie swimming near the surface of the water . The color is reddish brown . Length 9-15 mm . Beak head straight or slightly curved like the letter S with the overall shape like a jet . Its tail stretched out like a fan .
2 . large seeds or seeds that have been harshly called juvenile . Usually has entered the mouth of a river or canal. Her life is benthis , namely love dwells near the bottom waters or sometimes attached to objects immersed in water . He growled striped alternately brown and white or white and bluish green . Its body is blue -green or brownish to blackish . swimming leg blue striped yellow .
? How Catching Shrimp Fry :
1 . smooth seeds are captured by the tool and seser belabar .
? Belabar is a chain stretching from the bonds of dried banana leaves , grasses , straw , or any other ingredients .
? Activities arrests were made when the high tide .
? Belabar installed perpendicular to the coast , is attached to two poles , thus swinging at high-water mark .
? Or just tied to the peg at one end , while the other end is pulled by the penyeser while looped towards the end of the bound . After the circle is small enough , penyeseran undertaken around belabar .
1 . coarse seed also arrested with the tools seser direct manner or with tools diseser - FADs FADs made of tree branches that stuck to the bottom waters . Penyeseran undertaken around the FADs . natural seeding is done by sea water flowing into tambak . Usually performed by traditional farmers . Seed shrimp / shrimp fry nurseries must be obtained from good quality fry . The nature and characteristics of good quality fry obtained from nurseries are:
1 . Age and size of the fry should be uniform .
2 . When startled melentik healthy fries .
3 . no pale -colored fries .
4 . Body fries are not bent and not disabled.
2 . Seed Treatment and Care
1 . maintenance mode with a separate pool maintenance system that is both larval pool with a separate system , ie diatomae pool , pond , and swimming larvae were separated .
? Swimming diatomae
Diatomae for food shrimp larvae that are the result of fertilization is a species of Chaetoceros , Skeletonema danTetraselmis in the pool volume of 1000-2000 liters. diatomae a rather large species given to the larvae of Mysis period , although more like zooplankton .
? Swimming Parent
500 liter -sized pool which contains the parent shrimps containing eggs obtained from the marine / fishing . Eggs are usually out at night . The fertilized eggs hatch into nauplius and has been , transferred .
? Swimming Larvae
2000-80000 liter -sized swimming larvae . Artemia / zooplankton taken from the pool and given to diatomae Mysis shrimp larvae and post larvae ( PL5 - PL6 ) . dry and dried shrimp Artemia given to the larval period until zoa ( PL6 ) . PL5 - PL6 larval period was transferred to the wet buyaran 32-1000 density birds / m 2 , which each kalidiberi eat artemia or artificial foods , then fry PL20 - PL30 may be sold or stocked into the ponds.
1 . How to seedbed / nursery fry in the wet seedbed
? Growing nursery is part of the plot fry shrimp rearing ( ? 10 % of the total patch enlargement ) which is located in one corner with a depth of 30-50 cm , 26 - 31derajat C temperature and salinity 5-25 per mil . - plot was made of coconut leaves or palm leaves , so that fries are still weak shielded from the sun or rain .
? Seed the new arrivals , diaklitimasikan first. The seed is inserted in a plastic tub or a wooden tub filled with water salinity and temperature is nearly equal to the state during transportation . Then gradually the water are removed and replaced with water from a nursery plot .
? Density of the plot is 1000-3000 tails . Feed given a mixture of boiled chicken eggs and meat or fish, mashed shrimp .
? Additional feed Pellet mashed shrimp . Giving as much as 10-20 % pellets performed times the number of shrimp seed weight per day and given in the afternoon. Weight ? 0.003 grams of fine seeds and seed weight of roughly ? 0.5 to 0.8 g.
? Pellet can be made from flour rebon 40 % , 20 % refined rice bran , coconut cake 20 % , and 20 % starch .
? Food that is needed : a cup of feed for seedbed plots / nursery area of 100 m 2 or to 100,000 heads of fries and was given 3-4 times daily .
1 . How to seedbed in hapa
? hapa is a box made of nylon mesh netting with eyes 3-5 mm in order fries can not be escaped.
? hapa installed submerged and not touching the pond bottom in the plots of pond water changes easy to do , by way tie at the ditancamkan poles at the bottom of the ponds . Some fruit hapa rows can be mounted on a ponds .
? hapa size can be adjusted at will , for example length 4-6 m , width 1 to 1.5 m , height 0.5 to 1 m.
? Density of fry in hapa 500-1000 ind / m 2 .
? Feed can be either kelekap fries or moss - lichen from the plot of a pond in the vicinity. Can also be fed with artificial shrimp pellets crushed into powder first .
? Long maintenance fries in seedling 2-4 weeks , up to 3-5 cm in length with 70-90 % percentage of life .
? hapa -nets as walls should be cleaned once a week.
? hapa very useful for farmers , which is to place aklitimasi fries , or at any time be used to accommodate the desired fish or shrimp in order to stay alive.
1 . transportation mode :
1 . Transportation using plastic bags :
? Plastic bags yang a length of 40 cm , width 35 cm , and 0.008 mm thick , filled with water 1 / 3 part of the tail and filled seeds in 1000 .
? Plastic bags were given oxygen until ballooned and tied with rope .
? Plastic bags are included in the cardboard box that was given styrofore foam as a thermal barrier and a small plastic bag containing small pieces of ice which amount 10 % by weight of water .
? Seeds can be transported at a temperature of 27-30 degrees C for 10 hours by 10-20 % mortality rate .
1 . Transport by using a plastic jerry can :
? jerrycans used a 20 -liter size .
? jerrycans filled with water and a half parts and partly filled more pressurized oxygen .
? The number of seeds that can be transported between 500-700 animals per liter . During the 6-8 hour trip , his death rate of about 6 % .
? On the way jerry cans must be put to sleep , so that its surface became widespread, so benurnya not overlap .
? To lower temperature may use ice cubes .
1 . Time spreading Shrimp Fry
Should fry stocked in ponds at the time of the shade.
6.3. Magnification Maintenance
1 . Fertilization
Fertilization aims to encourage the growth of natural foods , namely : kelekap , moss , plankton , and benthos . How to fertilization :
1 . For growth kelekap
? Land that has been dried flat and sprinkled with coarse bran as much as 500 kg / ha .
? Then sprinkled with manure ( chicken manure , buffalo , horses, etc. ) , or compost as much as 1000 kg / ha .
? Pond irrigated until 50-10 cm , left to stagnate and evaporate until dry .
? After ponds are watered again until 50-10 cm , and sprinkled with manure or compost as much as 1000 kg / ha .
? At the same time added to inorganic fertilizers , namely urea 75 kg / ha and TSP ( Triple Super Phosphate ) 75 kg / ha .
? After five days later , kelekap began to grow . Water can be lifted up again gradually , until it 40 cm above the courtyard . And the shrimp can be removed.
? During maintenance, fertilizing aftershocks were held 1-2 times a month by using 10-25 kg urea / ha and TSP 5-15 kg / ha .
1 . For moss growth
? Land that has been drained , filled with water to melembabkannya , then planted the seeds of moss is plugged into the mud.
? Water included up to as high as 20 cm , and then fertilized with urea 14 kg / ha and TSP 8 kg / ha .
? Water is raised up to 40 cm after one week.
? Starting the second week, every week another fertilized with urea and TSP , respectively 10 previous dose .
? Mosses are less fertilizer will be colored yellow , while the fertilized will be the fresh green grass . Moss that is too thick will be harmful to the shrimp , therefore moss is used only for maintenance of shrimp mixed with other fish .
1 . For growth diatomae
? The amount of fertilizer nitrogen ( N ) and phosphorus ( P ) requires the ratio of about 30:1 . If the ratio approaches 1:1 , which grows is Dinoflagellate .
? As a source of N , nitrate -containing fertilizer is better than fertilizer containing ammonium , because it can dissolve in the water longer .
? Examples of fertilizers :
o Urea - CO ( NH2 ) 2 : N = 46.6 percentage .
o - ZA - Ammonium sulfate ( NH4 ) 2SO4 : percentage of N = 21 .
o - NH4Cl Ammonium chloride : the percentage of N = 25
o - NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate : the percentage of N = 37
o - Calcium nitrate Ca ( NO3 ) 2 : the percentage of N = 17
o Double - superphosphate Ca ( H2PO4 ) : percentage P = 26
Triple superphosphate o - P2O5 : percentage P = 39
o fertilization repeated several times , bit by bit every 70-10 days.
o Fertilization first , used 0.95 ppm and 0.11 ppm N P. If the pond area of 1 ha and average water height 60 cm , requiring 75-150 kg and 25-50 kg of urea fertilizer TSP.
o The growth of plankton observed by secci disc . Growth enough when at a depth of 30 cm , secci disc was visible.
o Quantity of fertilizer reduced when secci disc is not visible at a depth of 25 cm . However, if the disc does not seem secci at a depth of 35 cm, the dose of fertilizer should be added.
1 . Feeding
Food for every period of life of different shrimp . Food that can be used in shrimp farming wasaway from :
1 . Natural foods :
? Joined the level of the nauplius , backup the contents of the bag of food from their eggs.
? Joined Zoea level , the food of vegetable plankton , namely Diatomaeae ( Skeletonema , Navicula , Amphora , etc.) and Dinoflagellate ( Tetraselmis , etc. ) .
? Joined the level of Mysis , food animal plankton , Protozoa , Rotifera , ( Branchionus ), children tritip ( Balanus ) , son of the water flea ( copepods ) , etc. .
? Joined the level of post larvae (PL ) , and young shrimp ( juvenile ) , in addition to the food on eating well and Cyanophyceae Diatomaee that grows in the bottom waters ( benthic ) , oyster boy , tritip children , child - udanng crustaceans ( Crustacea ), other , worms annelids and also detritus (waste animal and plant membususk ) .
? Shrimp adult, soft food or animal flesh molluscs ( mussels , oysters , snails ) , worms Annelida , yaitut Pollychaeta worms , crustaceans, insects kids ( Chironomus ) , etc. .
? In farming , the shrimp can eat natural foods that grow in ponds , ie kelekap , algae , plankton , and benthos .
1 . Side dish
Additional food is usually required after 3 -month maintenance period . These additional foods can be:
? Bran mixed with finely chopped trash fish .
? bran mixed finely chopped trash fish, crabs , snails , and crustaceans .
? Skin buffalo or other remains of cattle slaughtered . buffalo leather is cut into pieces 2.5 cm 2 , then stabbed sate.
? Remnants of cutting the frog .
? Snail skin that has been solved .
? Food chicks .
? Meat clams and mussels .
? Trisipan collected from ponds and dipech skin.
1 . Artificial Food ( Pellets ) :
? Flour shrimp head or 20 % fish meal .
? 40 % of fine bran .
? coconut cake flour is 20 % .
? Wheat starch 19 % .
? Pfizer Azuamix Premix A or 1 % .
? How to manufacture :
o Flour starch diluted with water sufficiently , then dipanaskansampai thickens .
o The materials were mixed with starch and flip-flops and knead until evenly distributed.
o After flattening, round object formed and milled with a Meat Grinder . Results mill is dried until dry , then knead until broken during the average 1-2 cm .
o Quantity of shrimp diets and Feeding mode :
? Shrimp fed 4-6 times a day little by little.
? The number of feed given to the fry 15-20 % of body weight per day .
? The number of shrimp feed approximately 50-10 % adult body weight / day.
? The food is better in the afternoon .
1 . Pond Maintenance / Pond
1 . Replacement Air. Disposal of the water should be through the bottom, because this section is the worst condition . But when rain closed pond water is freshwater , of discharged through the top layer , while its revenues through the bottom.
2 . Stirring mechanically ( not usual ) . With stirring , the water can earn additional oxygen, or tercampurnya saltwater and freshwater. Stirring can use a mixer machine , outboard boat engines , or a windmill.
3 . Addition of chemicals ( not usual ) . Lack of oxygen, can be combined with Potassium Permanganate ( PK/KMnO4 ) . Quantity of 5-10 ppm ( 5-10 g / 1 ton of water ) , still not able to kill the shrimp . Lime burn as much as 200 kg / ha can also to cope with O2.
4 . Addition of water volume . When the high water temperature , adding water volume can be reduced . Need to be protective .
5 . Stop fertilizing and feeding . Fertilization and feeding be discontinued if the shrimp ponds appear to suffer and in bad condition.
6 . Get rid of dead fish and algae by using a ladle .
7 . Addition of the feed . Shrimp were given additional feed if showing symptoms of food deficiency , until the growth of natural food back to normal.
Technical improvements are necessary:
1 . Improvement of irrigation ponds to allow the mapped - plot of a pond obtain sufficient water and the quality and quantity, during the maintenance period.
2 . Pompanisasi , for ponds in areas with low tidal difference (less than 1 m ) , which is required every time change of water into or out of the ponds.
3 . Improvement of pond construction , yang meliputi konstruksi tanggul, pintu air saringan masuk ke dalam tambak agar tambak tidak mudah bocor, dan tanggul tidak longsor.
4. Perbaikan manajemen budidaya yang meliputi: cara pemupukan, padat penebaran yang optimal, pemberian pakan, cara pengelolaan air dan cara pemantauan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kesehatan udang.
7. HAMA DAN PENYAKIT
1. Hama
1. Lumut
Lumut yang pertumbuhannya berlebihan. Pengendalian: dapat dengan memelihara bandeng yang berukuran 8-12 cm sebanyak 200 ekor/ha.
2. Bangsa ketam
Membuat lubang di pematang, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan bocoran-bocoran.
3. Udang tanah (Thalassina anomala),
Membuat lubang di pematang.
4. Hewan-hewan penggerek kayu pintu air
Merusak pematang, merusak tanah dasar, dan merusak pintu air seperti remis penggerek (Teredo navalis), dan lain-lain.
5. Tritip (Balanus sp.) dan tiram (Crassostrea sp.)
Menempel pada bangunan-bangunan pintu air. Pengendalian hama bangsa ketam, udang tanah, hewan-hewan penggerek kayu pintu air sama dengan pengendalian lumut.
2. Golongan pemangsa (predator), dapat memangsa udang secara langsung, termasuk golongan buas, antara lain:
1. Ikan-ikan buas, seperti payus (Elops hawaiensis), kerong-kerong (Tehrapon tehraps), kakap (Lates calcarifer), keting (Macrones micracanthus), kuro (Polynemus sp.), dan lain-lain.
2. Ketam-ketaman, antara lain adalah kepiting (Scylla serrata).
3. Bangsa burung, seperti blekok (Ardeola ralloides speciosa), cangak (Ardea cinera rectirostris), pecuk cagakan (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), pecuk ulo (Anhinga rufa melanogaster), dan lain-lain.
4. Bangsa ular, seperti ular air atau ular kadut (Cerberus rhynchops, Fordonia leucobalia, dan Chersidrus granulatus).
5. Wingsang, wregul, sero, atau otter (Amblonyx cinerea dan Lutrogale perspicillata).
3. Golongan penyaing (kompetitor) adalah hewan yang menyaingi udang dalam hidupnya, baik mengenai pangan maupun papan.
1. Bangsa siput, seperti trisipan (Cerithidea cingulata), congcong (Telescopium telescopium).
2. Ikan liar, seperti mujair (Tilapia mosambica), belanak (Mugil spp), rekrek (Ambassis gymnocephalus), pernet (Aplocheilus javanicus), dan lain-lain.
3. Ketam-ketaman, seperti Saesarma sp. dan Uca sp.
4. Udang, yaitu udang kecil-kecil terutama jenis Cardina denticulata, dan lain-lain.
? Pengendalian:
1. Ikan-ikan buas dapat diberantas dengan bungkil biji teh yang mengandung racun saponin.
1. Bungkil biji teh adalah ampas yang dihasilkan dari biji teh yang diperas minyaknya dan banyak diproduksi di Cina.
2. Kadar saponin dalam tiap bungkil biji teh tidak sama, tetapi biasanya dengan 150-200 kg bungkil biji teh per Ha tambak sudah cukup efektif mematikan ikan liar/buas tanpa mematikan udang yang dipelihara.
3. Daya racun saponin terhadap ikan 50 kali lebih besar daripada terhadap udang.
4. Daya racun saponin akan hilang sendiri dalam waktu 2-3 hari di dalam air. Setelah diracun dengan bungkil biji teh, air tambak tidak perlu dibuang, sebab residu bungkil itu dapat menambah kesuburan tambaknya.
5. Daya racun saponin berkurang apabila digunakan pada air dengan kadar garam rendah. Tambak dengan kedalaman 1 meter dan kadar garam air tambak > 15 permil, bungkil biji teh yang digunakan cukup 120 kg/Ha saja, sedangkan kalau lebih rendah harus 200 kg/Ha. Untuk penghematan air tambak dapat diturunkan sampai 1/3-nya, sehingga bungkil yang diberikan hanya 1/3 yang seharusnya. Setelah 6 jam air tambak dinaikkan lagi, sehingga kadar saponin menjadi lebih encer.
6. Penggunaan bungkil ini akan lebih efektif pada siang hari, pukul 12.00 atau 13.00.
7. Sebelum digunakan bungkil ditumbuk dulu menjadi tepung, kemudian direndam dalam air selama beberapa jam atau semalam. Setelah itu air tersebut dipercik-percikan ke seluruh tambak. Sementara menabur bungkil, kincir dalam tambak diputar agar saponin teraduk merata.
8. Rotenon dari akar deris (tuba).
1. Akar deris dari alam mengandung 5-8 %o rotenon. Akar yang masih kecil lebih banyak mengandung rotenon.Zat ini dapat membunuh ikan pada kadar 1-4 ppm, tetapi batas yang mematikan udang tidak jauh berbeda.
2. Dalam air berkadar garam rendah, daya racunnya lebih baik/lebih kuat daripada yang berkadar garam tinggi.
3. Sebelum digunakan, akar tuba dipotong kecil-kecil, kemudian direndam dalam dalam air selama 24 jam. Setelah itu akar ditumbuk sampai lumat, dimasukkan ke dalam air sambil diremas-remas sampai air berwarna putih susu.
4. Dosis yang diperlukan adalah 4-6 kg/Ha tambak, apabila kedalaman air 8 cm. Daya racun rotenon sudah hilang setelah 4 hari.
5. Ikan liar, ikan buas, dan siput dapat juga diberantas dengan nikotin pada takaran 12-15 kg/Ha atau sisa-sisa tembakau dengan takaran antara 200- 400 kg/Ha.
1. Sisa-sisa tembakau ditebarkan di tambak sesudah tanah dasar dikeringkan dan kemudian diairi lagi setinggi ? 10 cm.
2. Setelah ditebarkan, dibiarkan selama 2-3 hari, agar racun nikotinnya dapat membunuh hama. Sementara itu airnya dibiarkan sampai habis menguap selama 7 hari.
3. Setelah itu tambak diairi lagi tanpa dicuci dulu, sebab sisa tembakau sudah tidak beracun lagi dan dapat berfungsi sebagai pupuk.
4. Brestan-60 dapat digunakan untuk memberantas hama, terutama trisipan.
1. Brestan-60 adalah semacam bahan kimia yang berupa bubuk berwarna krem dan hampir tidak berbau. Bahan aktifnya adalah trifenil asetat stanan sebanyak 60%.
2. Takaran yang dibutuhkan adalah 1 kg/Ha, apabila kedalaman air 16-20 cm dan kadar garamnya 28-40%. Makin dalam airnya dan makin rendah kadar garamnya, takaran yang dibutuhkan makin banyak.
3. Daya racunnya lebih baik pada waktu terik matahari.
4. Cara penggunaan:
? Air dalam petakan disurutkan sampai ? 10 cm. Pintu air dan tempat yang bocor ditutup.
? Bubuk Brestan-60 yang telah ditakar dilarutkan dalam air secukupnya, kemudian dipercik-percikkan ke permukaan air.
? Air dibiarkan menggenang selama 4-10 hari, agar siputnya mati semua.
? Setelah itu tambak dicuci 2-3 kali, dengan memasukkan dan mengeluarkan air pada waktu pasang dan surut.
1. Sevin dicampur dengan cincangan daging ikan, kemudian dibentuk bulatan, dapat digunakan sebagai umpan untuk meracuni kepiting. Karbid (Kalsium karbida) dimasukkan ke dalam lubang kepiting, disiram air dan kemudian. Gas asetilen yang timbul akan membunuh kepiting. Abu sekam yang dimasukkan ke dalam lubang kepiting, akan melekat pada insang dan dapat mematikan.
2. Usaha untuk mengusir burung adalah dengan memasang pancang-pancang bambu atau kayu di petakan tambakan.
3. Cara memberantas udang renik (wereng tambak): menggunakan Sumithion dengan dosis 0,002 mg/liter pada hari pertama dan ditambah 0,003 mg/liter pada hari kedua. Kadar yang dapat mematikan udang adalah 0,008 mg/liter. Selalu memeriksa lokasi baik siang maupun malam.
4. Penyakit asal virus.
1. Monodon Baculo Virus (MBV)
Keberadanya tidak perlu dikhawatirkan, karena tidak berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan udang. Penyebab: kondisi stres saat pemindahan post larva ke kolam pembesaran.
2. Infectious Hypodermal Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)
Gejala:
1. udang berenang tidak normal, yaitu sangat perlahan-lahan, muncul ke permukaan dan mengambang dengan perut di ata;
2. bila alat geraknya (pleopod dan Periopod) berhenti bergerak, udang akan tenggelam di bawah kolam;
3. udang akan mati dalam waktu 4-12 jam sejak mulai timbulnya gejala tersebut. Udang penderita banyak yang mati pada saat moulting;
4. pada kondisi yang akut, kulitnya akan terlihat keputih-putihan dan tubuhnya berwarna putih keruh;
5. permukaan tubuhnya akan ditumbuhi oleh diatomae, bakteri atau parasit jamur;
6. pada kulit luar terlihat nekrosis pada kutikula, syaraf, antena, dan pada mukosa usus depan dan tengah. Pengendalian: perbaikan kualitas air.
7. Hepatopancreatic Parvo-like Virus
Gejala: terutama menyerang hepatopankreas, sehingga dalam pemeriksaan hepatopankreasnya secara mikroskopik terlihat degenerasi dan adanya inklusion bodies dalam se-sel organ tersebut. Pengendalian: perbaikan kualitas air.
8. Cytoplamic Reo-like Virus
Gejala:
1. udang berkumpul di tepi kolam dan berenang di permukaan air;
2. kematian udang di mulai pada hari 7-9 setelah penebaran benih (stocking) di kolam post larva umur 18 hari. Pengendalian: belum diketahui secara pasti, yang penting adalah perbaikan kualitas air.
3. Ricketsiae
Gejala:
1. udang berenang di pinggir kolam dalam keadaan lemah;
2. udang berwarna lebih gelap, tak ada nafsu makan, pada beberapa udang terlihat benjolan-benjolan kecil keputih-putihan pada dinding usus bagian tengah (mid gut);
3. adanya koloni riketsia, peradangan dan pembengkakan jaringan ikat;
4. kematian udang mulai terjadi pada minggu ke-7 atau 9 setelah penebaran benih (post larva hari ke-15-25). Angka kematian naik pada hari ke-5 sampai 7, sejak mulai terjadi kematian, kemudian menurun sampai tak ada kematian. Tiga hari kemudian kematian timbul lagi, begitu seterusnya sampai udang dipanen. Pengendalian: menggunakan antibiotik (oksitetrasiklin, sulfasoxasol, dan nitrofurazon) dicampur makanan dapat mengurangi angka kematian, tetapi bila konsentrasi antibiotik menurun, kematian akan timbul lagi.
5. Penyakit asal Bakteri
1. Bakteri nekrosis
? Penyebab:
1. bakteri dari genus Vibrio;
2. merupakan infeksi sekunder dari infeksi pertama yang disebabkan oleh luka, erosi bahan kimia atau lainnya.
? Gejala:
1. muncul beberapa nekrosis (berwarna kecoklatan) di beberapa tempat (multilokal), yaitu pada antena, uropod, pleopod, dan beberapa alat tambahan lainnya;
2. usus penderita kosong, karena tidak ada nafsu makan.
? Pengendalian:
1. Pemberian antibiotik dalam kolam pembenihan, miaslnya furanace 1 mg/l, oksitetrasiklin 60-250 mg/l dan erytromycin 1 mg/l;
2. Pengeringan, pembersihan dan disinfeksi dalam kolam pembenihan, serta menjaga kebersihan alat-alat yang digunakan;
3. pemeliharaan kualias air dan sanitasi yang baik.
4. Bakteri Septikemia
? Penyebab:
1. Vibrio alginolictus, V. parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas sp., dan Pseudomonas sp.;
2. merupakan infeksi sekunder dari infeksi pertama yan disebabkan defisiensi vitamin C, toxin, luka dan karena stres yang berat.
? Gejala:
1. menyerang larva dan post larva;
2. terdapat sel-sel bakteri yang aktif dalam haemolymph (sistem darah udang).
? Pengendalian:
1. pemberian antibiotik dalam kolam pembenihan, misalnya furanace 1 mg/l, oksitetrasiklin 60-250 mg/l dan erytromycin 1 mg/l;
2. pemeliharaan kualias air dan sanitasi yang baik.
3. Penyakit asal Parasit
Dapat menyebabkan penurunan berat badan, penurunan kualitas, kepekaan terhadap infeksi virus/bakteri dan beberapa parasit dapat menyebabkan
kemandulan (Bopyrid).
1. Parasit cacing
1. Cacing Cestoda, yaitu
? Polypochepalus sp., bentuk cyste dari cacing ini terdapat dalam jaringan ikat di sepanjang syaraf bagian ventral.
? Parachristianella monomegacantha, berparasit dalam jaringan inter-tubuler hepatopankreas.
1. Cacing Trematoda: Opecoeloides sp., yang ditemukan pada dinding proventriculus dan usus.
2. Cacing Nematoda: Contracaecum sp., menyerang hepatopankreas udang yang hidup secara alamiah.
3. Parasit Isopoda
Dapat menghambat perkembangan alat reproduksi udang. Parasit ini menempel di daerah branchial insang (persambung antara insang dengan tubuh udang), sehingga menghambat perkembangan gonad (sel telur) pada udang.
4. Penyakit asal Jamur
? Menyerang udang periode larva dan post larva yang dapat mati dalam waktu 24 jam.
? Penyebab:
1. Jamur Phycomycetes yang termasuk genus Lagenedium dan Sirolpidium;
2. penyebarannya terjadi pada waktu pemberian pakan.
? Pengendalian:
1. pemberian malachite green (0,006-0,1 mg/l) atau trifuralin (0,01 pp,) 3-6 kali sehari akan mencegah penyebaran jamur ke larva yang sehat;
2. jalan filtrasi air laut untuk pembenihan;
3. pencucian telur udang berkali-kali dengan air laut yang bersih atau air laut yang diberi malachite green atau trifuralin, karena dapat menghilangkan zoospora dari jamur.
8. PANEN
Udang yang siap panen adalah udang yang telah berumur 5-6 bulan masa pemeliharaan. Dengan syarat mutu yang baik, yaitu:
1. ukurannya besar
2. kulitnya keras, bersih, licin, bersinar dan badan tidak cacat
3. masih dalam keadaan hidup dan segar.
4. Penangkapan
1. Penangkapan sebagian
1. Dengan menggunakan Prayang, yang terbuat dari bambu, yang terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu kere sebagai pengarah dan perangkap berbentuk jantung sebagai tempat trap. Prayang installed at the edge of the pond , with kerenya perpendicular transverse ridge and traps located at the end of puppy . Fitting prayang done at night when there was a big tide and above were given lamps to attract the shrimp . prayang hole was made 4 cm , so that the trapped shrimp just bigger. At the mouth hole nylon ropes or wires that cross the distance of each about 4 cm .
2 . By using throw nets . Catching done at night . partially reduced pond water for easy catching . Arrests were made by going into the pond . Catching up with nets can be done if the size of shrimp in ponds is uniform .
3 . By using his bare hands . Done in the afternoon , because the shrimp is usually quiet in the mud .
4 . Arrest total
1 . total arrests can be done by draining the ponds. Drying can be done with the pond water pump , or if there is no must pay attention to tides . Night / early morning before the arrests , the water removed from the ponds when the water slowly receded . In semi-intensive ponds , water disurutkan until caren , so the depth of 10-20 cm of water .
2 . By using large seser mouth soaked in pond bottom mud / caren , then lifting it up if it encouraged a lot of shrimp is estimated to have an entry in seser . And this method is repeated .
3 . Using nets, usually done a lot of people .
4 . By using kerei or nets that are in accordance with a wide breadth caren . base mud shrimp hiding place abuzz encouraged by some people who hold kerei or the web, go to the front door of the water . At the front door of shrimp water intercepted by other kerei . Shrimp collected in a puddle near the door ai , thus easily captured .
5 . By installing netting fences wide or long enough in the sewer water. Floodgates opened and regulated to prevent water flowing perlaha - land , so the shrimp is not much left to hide in the mud . Shrimp will be out with water and tertadah in nets attached and easily rounded up with seser .
6 . By using nets ( trawling ) electricity . These nets are two cone- shaped . Body bags have a rectangular aperture . below the mouth of the bag in the pairs of weights that can be drowned in the mud. The top of the net mouth was given to a floating buoy on the surface of the water . Parts of the lower lip mouth nets installed electrified wires that can be 3-12 volt power . The electricity runs through wires in the floor of the mouth in shrimp nets will be a surprise hit , then the shrimp will jump and go into the net.
5 . Cleaning
Shrimp that has been captured is collected and cleaned. Then the shrimp were weighed and selected according to the quality of the same size and not disabled.
9 . Postharvest
Some important things to note in the post-harvest handling :
1 . The tools used must be clean .
2 . Handling must be fast , thorough, and careful .
3 . Avoid direct sunlight .
4 . Wash shrimp from dirt and mud with clean water .
5 . Enter into a basket , bucket, or barrel , and flush with clean water .
6 . Always use ice cubes to cool and preserve shrimp.
7 . Besides cooling , it can also be soaked in a solution of 100 ppm NaCl to preserve shrimp at room temperature and for the killing of bacteria ( Salmonella , Vibrio , Staphylococcus ) .
8 . Grouped by type and size.
10 . ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CULTURE
1 . Cultivation of Business Analysis
Estimates of business analysis enlargement Shrimp Pole Village Caringin Tangkil District of Bogor Regency . During two seasons ( one year ) in the year 1999 are as follows :
1 . Production Costs
1 . Land
? Leases of land two years USD . 3.2 million , -
? Processing of land USD . 125 000 , -
1 . Seed
? Shrimp Fry tail USD 60 000 . 16 , - USD . 960 000 , -
1 . Feed
? UG 86.40 801 kg @ Rp 2600 , - USD . 224 460 , -
? UG 802 USD 590.40 Kg . 2400 , - USD . 1.41696 million , -
? UG 803 kg 1882.57 USD . 2300 , - USD . 4.3299 million , -
1 . Medicines and fertilizers
? BCK 4 liters @ Rp . 12.500, - Rp 50.000, -
? Sanponin 40 kg @ Rp 1500 , - USD . 60 000 , -
? Urea 10 kg @ Rp 2000 , - USD . 20 000 , -
? KCL 10 kg @ Rp 2500 , - RP . 25.000, -
? Manure 20 kg @ Rp 500 , - USD . 10.000, -
? Lime 100 kg @ Rp . 1000 , - USD . 100.000, -
1 . Tool
? Scales 1 unit @ USD . 100.000, - USD . 100.000, -
? Pen pH one unit @ USD . 50.000, - USD . 50.000, -
? Jala / Nets 2 units @ USD . 25 000 , - USD . 50.000, -
? hoe 3 Units @ Rp . 6000 , - USD . 18 000 , -
? Skoop 1 unit @ USD . 6000 , - USD . 6000 , -
? inlet 3 units @ USD . 4500 , - USD . 13 500 , -
? Plastic 20 meters @ Rp . 2000 , - USD . 40.000, -
? Filter for 10 meters @ Rp . 2500 , - USD . 25.000, -
? Plastic Buckets 3 units @ USD . 5000 , - USD . 15.000, -
? Basket 5 units @ USD . 5500 , - USD . 16 500 , -
1 . Labor
? Power Equipment 12 MM @ Rp 250.000, - USD . 1.500.000, -
? Power Equipment No 10 OH @ USD $ 8000.00 USD . 80.000, -
1 . Other
? Electricity Bills 6 months @ Rp 15.000, - USD . 90.000, -
? Transportation USD . 20 000 , -
1 . Unexpected costs 10 % to Rp . 1,254,532 , -
Total production costs Rp 12,545,320 , -
2 . Revenues two seasons / year : 1912.3 kg @ Rp 19.000, - Rp.34.463.700 , -
3 . Profit per year / 2 seasons Rp.21.918.380 , -
Profit per season ( six months ) to Rp . 4.68653 million , -
4 . feasibility parameters
1 . B / C ratio of 1.37 per season
2 . On the basis of Unit: BEP = FC / P - V 206.4 kg
3 . On the basis of Sales : BEP = FC/1- ( VC / R ) USD 3.68854 million , -10.2 .
Agribusiness Opportunity Overview
Until now, the cultivation of shrimp is a commodity that has good prospects , both for domestic consumption and foreign consumption . This is shown by the increasing export demand for shrimp.
Posted by Tono Suhar
Source : http://suhartono1.blogspot.com/ < / span >
reff : http://perikanannews.blogspot.com/2010/09/budidaya-udang-windu.html
vaname tiger shrimp and can live in salt concentration range is very wide , between 0.5 ppt to 45 ppt
Raising shrimp and vaname actually not only be done in brackish water ponds . By applying the traditional system and semiintensif , the cultivation of shrimp and vaname can also be done on freshwater ponds . Ketut Sugama , Head of Aquaculture Research Center - BRKP in his paper says , the shrimp can live in salinity range is very wide , between 0.5 ppt to 45 ppt.
Not just can, in freshwater shrimp culture also has advantages , particularly to reduce the risk of shrimp disease caused by viruses and bacteria that infect many brackish waters . " Any latarbelakangnya is to reduce the risk of disease, "said Ahmad Afif , researchers from the Center for Aquaculture Research .
With such background , it's no surprise that the development of shrimp culture in freshwater is not widely done seriously in foreign countries , like Thailand , the United States and several Latin American countries in the region with a success rate that is quite satisfactory .
Afif said , actually fresh water shrimp cultivation in the traditional system has also been carried out by the cultivators in Lamongan , Lampung and Polman - Sulbar . Farmers usually utilize paddy fields by using the cropping pattern with fish and rice . The results were quite promising. 1 ha of rice fields planted to 10 thousand of tiger shrimp fry shrimp can produce 1.75 quintal size 35 , with duration of 90 days of maintenance . These results were coupled with four and seven quintal quintal rice milk .
Unfortunately , it has not been taken more seriously by the government. Though prospects for the development of freshwater prawn farming is big enough , especially if they see vast potential for freshwater ponds , a distance of 2-3 km from the coastline and has not been utilized optimally. " We ( the BRKP - ed) have long suggested that the Directorate General of Fisheries and Aquaculture , but until now still has not responded . Although only using the traditional pattern , if it developed a serious national shrimp production could increase , "added Sudradjat .
Adaptation Shrimp Fry , Main Lock
However, the cultivation of shrimp in fresh water is also not free from constraints . Especially in adapting fries that have been used to living in water of high salinity ( 30 ppt ) to get used to life in freshwater ( 1-2 ppt salinity ) . "Hence, the adaptation time is very crucial. Usually the size fries adapt pembenih PL 12 by way of reducing the salinity of 1 ppt / day. Size of fry to be grown is also greater , ie PL 30-40 , "said Afif .
Choosing tips Seed Shrimp
Seed production is one of the factors which play an important role in supporting the successful cultivation of tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) in ponds . cultivation of land so ideally accompanied by a very intensive management will be in vain if no counter-balanced with good seed selection . Thus techniques / procedures for selecting seed shrimps which either must be properly known by the farmers or farmers' ponds.
Most farmers rely on the feeling that in choosing who will spread the seed shrimp , so no measures that are qualitatively and quantitatively can be used as a reference standard in making decisions among farmers from one another . In this paper we will try to formulate a simple few steps in selecting seed shrimps which is technically possible to do by most farmers . The first stage : Observing the appearance of the seed directly in the bed of seed production . The second stage : Observing the appearance of the seed samples in the basin of white and glass beaker . Step three: Perform the endurance test with formalin test salinity shock . The fourth stage : Conducting shipping selected seed samples to the laboratory test .
SEED PRODUCTION AND QUALITY
A large number of tiger shrimp pembenih , shortlyyebabkan height variation of seed produced. Factors that most influence is the low price of shrimp fry , so pembenih trying economical in cost calculations opersionalnya . Artificial feed and natural food artemia as a whole more than 60 % of operational costs , so this is where pembenih trying to save a lot by lowering the standard of food quality or dose usage.
With such conditions , the quality of seeds will be extremely varied . jelly fish farmers have in choosing a good seed . Better directed at the good seed even though the price is relatively more expensive , than get a cheaper seed , but the quality is not good .
CHOOSE THE SEED STAGE FOUR tiger shrimp
Stages of seed selection in the form of tiger shrimp fry can be prepared based on the level of simplicity in the observation at each stage . Can basically be paid on the following four stages :
1 . Observing the appearance of the seed directly in the seed production tanks
By looking at the condition of the seed directly in the vessel maintenance , it will increase confidence in the quality of seeds will be selected. Good seed must be in good condition maintenance media as well. By looking directly into the vessel maintenance will know how the water quality conditions and how the condition of seeds in the trough. At this stage the need to be observed is the size , number , movement and water conditions the media.
Size: uniform , relatively long ( > 1.0 cm ) , stadia > PL12 , uropoda have developed ( through pigmentation ) , much against the wall . Seed shrimps on the stage of > PL12 , the organ has developed a complete and has had a relatively stronger adaptability to new environment ponds ( Anonymous 0.1999 -a) .
Total : insufficient demand , the population in the vessel maintenance , including solid (indicating high SR ) . cultivated sufficient criteria can be met from one source , with the aim of preventing the occurrence of variation in the growth of shrimp in ponds . high SR indicates that during the production process of the seeds were not experiencing major problems both in terms of environment and disease.
Movement : active , resposifterhadap direction of light ( fototaksis is positive ) , if given feed showed an excellent response ( in an area that many came to feed ) . Healthy seeds will be more clustered with very attractive movement in the area near the water surface in the direction of arrival of the light position . To see the response to feeding , aeration is turned off briefly and then sown on the surface of artificial feed water, the seeds will be gathered near the feed lot ( Anonymous 0.1999 - b ) .
Media Air Condition Maintenance plankton live, Egypt , clean and not smelling, not much good dirt on the wall or at the bottom of the tub. Number of sewage in the primary vessel wall or showing lack of good management . There is the possibility of improper feeding management as needed or poor water management . If this occurs should be avoided ( the seeds were not selected) .
In general view of seed quality by looking directly at the vessel maintenance is relatively easier compared to only see the seed samples are hosted by someone. scale observations of samples to be discussed in the second to the fourth stage will be carried out only when conditions look good seed is the first stage of this observation .
2 . Observing the appearance of seeds in a white basin and glass beaker
Having escaped the observation of the first stage , then began to take seed samples to be observed further. Observations of seed samples in a simple to implement in the field by the farmer is watching the seeds with a white basin and glass beaker . At this stage the need to be observed are: the body color , uniformity of size, movement , eye color and macro- parasites ( parasites that large ) .
With a white basin , the trend of seed uniformity of appearance . The strength of seeds will be more clearly seen than in seeing the tub without tools . We played water in the basin , the healthy seed will quickly disperse and swim against arus water. Weak seed will remain silent in the middle basin , the fewer the seeds that fell silent in the middle basin means that more and more proportion of healthy seedlings . body color depending on the color of the seed that grows and plankton dominant color vessel walls , in general, blackish - brown seeds transparent (clear) . relatively long and uniform size .
With a glass beaker seed appearance will be clearer to see more detail about the completeness of the organs , body color and the possibility of dirt on the surface of the body ( parasite ) . Healthy seeds will be visible on foot pool , complete and normal development of organs and berparasit not look clean . With a glass beaker large parasites will be visible , for example, are often called shrimp boots . Mikroparasit are unable to be detected in this way, but must be with the aid of a microscope. Eye color is not white silver, white seeds with a silver eye is one indicator of the seed in a weak condition , sensitive to environmental changes .
3 . endurance test with formalin test and salinity shock
After beating the first stage and second observations , we must observe the third stage of the endurance test of the seed . endurance test / stress test is an easy to do in the field is with formalin and immersion salinity shock ( Sumarwan , 2003 ) .
resistance to the formalin test is important because later on when the harvest should be done skrinning fries in total before dipacking . If the resistance to formalin test with the scale of the sample showed a low SR ( eg less than 90 % ) , it will be very risky in skrinning masalnya . Because the dose and the duration of immersion in the same mass skrinning during endurance test . In the formalin test done soaking the seeds in a solution of formalin for 30 minutes , and then calculated survival ( SR ) . Seed is considered good if the SR on the formalin test achieved> 95 % . virus -infected seeds or in weak condition will not be strong through this skrinning stage , so hopefully will not transmit the disease when grown in ponds.
In the endurance test with the shock of salinity , the seed samples from salt water put in fresh water for 15 minutes , then transferred to salt water again for 30 minutes just calculated SR. Seed is considered good if the SR achieved> 90 % . salinity shock was likely to test the strength of the seed , although seed looks good but if its durability is weak would be many who died when soaked in fresh water all of a sudden .
4 . Transferring selected seed samples to the laboratory test
In the observation of the seed laboratory most farmers can not afford to do themselves , so they can take advantage of the nearest testing laboratory services . In laboratory observations generally observed microscopically , especially on the completeness of the organ , necrosis , gastrointestinal tract , parasites , and other pigmentation . In addition to detecting viruses inveksi were observed by PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction ) . PCR mainly directed to detect harmful viruses such as SEMBV .
Observations in the laboratory aims to provide qualitative and quantitative data that are national and international standards have been recognized for accuracy. However laboratoriumjustru test results are complete only to support the spread of seed selection decisions after passing the first stage up to third above.
After getting all the seeds of observation data and decided to take one of the most trusted source of seed , then the next stage of harvesting the seeds. At the time of harvesting the seeds of this , it must be done sorting . dipacking ascertained that the seed has passed the 200 ppm formalin immersion for 30 minutes . If there is a difference between the salinity of pond water with water in the tub maintenance of seed , it needs to be strived for salinity adjusted gradually .
CULTIVATION tiger shrimp
( Palaemonidae / Penaeidae )
Shrimp - Palaemonidae / Penaeidae
1 . A BRIEF HISTORY
Shrimp is a brackish water species of fish consumption , segmented body numbered 13 ( 5 sections head and chest segment 8 ) and the whole body is covered by outer skeleton called eksosketelon . Generally, there are shrimp in the market mostly consists of marine shrimp . Only a small fraction of the freshwater shrimp , especially in areas around major rivers and swamps near the coast. freshwater shrimp are generally included in the family Palaemonidae , so that the experts often call it a group of shrimp palaemonid . marine shrimp , especially from the family Penaeidae , which can be called by experts penaeid shrimp . Lobster is one food source of high quality animal protein . For Indonesia, shrimp is the belle of non-oil exports . world consumer demand for shrimp increased by an average of 11.5 % per year . Although there are still many obstacles , but until now the shrimp -producing countries become the new competition Indonesian shrimp exports continued to appear .
2 . FISHERIES CENTER
Regional distribution of tiger prawn seeds , among others : South Sulawesi ( mild , Tamanroya , Nassara , Suppa ) , Central Java ( Sluke , Lasem ) , and East Java ( Banyuwangi , Situbondo , Tuban , Bangkalan , and Sumenep ) , Aceh , West Nusa Tenggara , East Kalimantan , and others .
3 . TYPE
Classification shrimp are as follows :
Class : Crustacea ( crustaceans )
Sub - class : Malacostraca ( higher crustaceans )
Superordo : Eucarida
Order: Decapoda ( ten -legged animals )
Sub - order : Natantia ( feet used for swimming )
Family: Palaemonidae , Penaeidae
4 . BENEFITS
1 . Shrimp is a food that contains high protein , namely 21 % , and low in cholesterol , since only 0.2 % fat content . vitamin content in 100 grams of material is 60 SI/100 vitamin A , and vitamin B1 0.01 mg . While it is important minerals calcium and phosphorus , respectively 136 mg and 170 mg per 100 grams of material .
2 . Shrimp can be processed in several ways , such as frozen , dried , canned , paste , crackers, etc. .
3 . shrimp processing waste in the form of comb ( the meat at the base of the head ) can be used to make shrimp pasta and protein hydrolyzate .
4 . Waste in the form of the head and legs can be made of flour shrimp shrimp , as a source of cholesterol for shrimp cultivation .
5 . in the form of shrimp shell waste containing chitin and 25 % in developed countries already can be used in the pharmaceutical industry , cosmetics , biotechnology , textiles , paper, food , etc. .
6 . Chitosan contained in shrimp heads may be utilized in the fabric industry , for fire resistant and can add strength dyes with the nature that is not easily soluble in water.
5 . LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1 . Location suitable for shrimp farming is on the areas along the coast ( a few meters from sea level ) with an average temperature of 26-28 degrees C.
2 . Land that is ideal for shrimp farming is a textured clay or sandy clay , because it can hold water . Soil texture is easily compressed and is not broken.
3 . basic soil texture composed of dusty clay mud or sandy mud , with sand content of no more than 20 % . Land should not be porous ( ngrokos ) .
4 . Type desired by the waters are brackish water shrimp or fresh water depending on the type of prawn. The most suitable areas for aquaculture is a tidal area with 2-3 meter tide fluctuations .
5 . physical parameters : temperature / temperature = 26-30 degrees C, the amount of salt / salinity = 0-35 per mil and optimal = 10-30 per mil , brightness = 25-30 cm of water (measured with a Secchi disk)
6 . chemical parameters : pH = 7.5 to 8.5 ; DO = 4-8 mg / liter ; Ammonia ( NH3 ) < >
6 . TECHNICAL GUIDELINES CULTIVATION
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
Terms of embankment construction :
1 . damparan resistant to large waves , strong winds and flooding. The minimum distance from shore aquaculture is a minimum of 50 meters or 50 meters from the river bantara .
2 . pond environment and its water should be quite good for life shrimp so it can grow normally since sown until harvest .
3 . Dike should be solid and strong and does not leak or seeping water resistant to erosion .
4 . pond design must be suitable and easy for everyday operations , thus saving energy.
5 . In accordance with the carrying capacity of available land .
6 . Maintain cleanliness and hygiene products.
7 . pemasuk channels with separate water drainage .
pond making techniques are divided into three systems tailored to the location , cost, and operation of its implementation, ie ponds, extensive , semi intensive and intensive .
1 . Extensive ponds or Traditional
1 . Built on tidal land , which is generally in the form of mangrove swamps , or tidal marshes and grass heath .
2 . The shape and size of the plot of a pond does not irregular .
3 . The extent of between 3-10 ha per plot .
4 . Each plot has a circumference channel ( caren ) 50-10 m wide along the side of the map around . In the middle is also made caren from corner to corner ( diagonally ) . caren depth of 30-50 cm deeper than the surrounding so-called court . Part of the court can only contain only 30-40 cm .
5 . In the middle plot map was made smaller and shallower for mengipur nener new arrivals during the first month.
6 . In addition there are several types of traditional ponds , eg types and the funnel- type park that was developed in Sidoarjo , East Java .
7 . In this pond there is no fertilization .
2 . Semi Intensive pond
1 . The form is generally rectangular plot with an area of 1-3 ha / plot .
2 . Each map has a door entry ( inlet ) and expenditure door ( outlets ) are separated for the purpose of replacing the water , the preparation of the pool before the dotted seeds, and harvesting .
3 . caren a diagonal width of the door menyerong 50-10 m ( pipe ) inlet toward the door ( pipe ) outlets . Basic caren tilted toward the outlet to facilitate draining of water and collection of shrimp at harvest time .
4 . caren depth of 30-50 cm from the court of the difference .
5 . The depth of water in the courtyard of only 40-50 cm .
6 . There is also a farmer who makes caren around the Courtyard .
3 . Intensive pond
1 . Map a berukuan 0.2 to 0.5 ha / plot , so that water management and supervision easier.
2 . Swimming / plot maintenance can be made of concrete or fully off the ground as usual . Or walls of the wall , while the base is still ground.
3 . Usually a square with a door and door disposal in the middle of harvest in the dike Monik model exhaust channel . The shape and construction of semi-intensive pond resembles a square.
4 . until hard compacted ground floor , covered by sand / gravel. usually from the walls of the dike , while the sea water and fresh water are mixed in a mixing vessel before entering the pond .
5 . rain water drainage pipes or sewage, which carried on the wind , set to die in a corner plot.
6 . Aerated to increase the levels of O2 in water.
7 . Replacement of water which is very often made possible by the use of pumps .
The infrastructure required in shrimp aquaculture ponds include :
1 . Map a Pond
1 . Should be made in the form of units. Every single unit of irrigation ponds originated from a single large door , which is the main water gate or Laban . One unit consists of three different ponds map : nursery plot , plot glondongan ( buyaran ) and enlargement with a plot area ratio 1:9:90 .
2 . In addition, there is also a map dividing the water , which is the deepest part . From the divisor plot , each plot received the water for the filling . Every map should have their own water gate , map , called the door , the door to a secondary , or tokoan . Map a funnel -shaped channel also called water divider .
3 . Each map consists of caren and Courtyard.
2 . Bund / Embankment
1 . There are two kinds of dike , which is the main embankment and dike between .
2 . The main embankment is a dike around the unit , which protects the unit in question from outside influences. Height of 0.5 m above the highest tide . Width of top approximately 2 m. outer sides made oblique to the slope of 1:1.5 . Whereas for the inner side of the embankment slope is 1:1 .
3 . Pemapliers between the embankments that restrict mapped with each other in one unit .
4 . Its size depends on local circumstances , for example : height 1-2 m , width of the top 0.5 to 1.5 . sloping sides are made with a slope of 1:1 . Bund created by digging a channel around the distance of 1 m dike The distance is usually called berm .
3 . Water Channels and Portals
1 . Drainage must be sufficiently wide and deep, depending on local circumstances , ranging from 30-10 m in width and depth that allows parallel to the surface of the lowest ebb . mangrove trees planted along its banks as a protector .
2 . There are two kinds of water-gate , which is the main water gate ( Laban ) and secondary water gate ( tokoan / gate map ) .
3 . The door serves as a channel for water exit from and entry of water into the ponds, which are included in one unit .
4 . Wide mouth main door between 0.8 to 1.2 m , height and length are adjusted to the height and width of the dike . Essentially lower than the basic mobile channels , as well as parallel to the water intake channel basis .
5 . Materials of manufacture include: spouse of cement , or wood materials ( iron wood , teak , coconut wood , palm wood , etc. )
6 . Each door is equipped with two rows of boards and between them filled with soil so-called weaknesses .
7 . Sluice is equipped with a filter , which filters out overlooking the water channel and the filter in a plot overlooking the pond . The filters are made of bamboo puppy , and for the filter in a plastic coated or palm .
4 . Patron :
1 . As a protective material on the maintenance of shrimp in ponds , can be mounted FADs made of wood or twigs of dried coconut leaves . Shade trees along the embankment can also be used as a protector .
2 . FADs fitted with a distance of 6-15 m in the pond . FADs also serves to prevent hanyutnya kelekap or moss , that accumulate in one corner of the wind .
5 . Installation of turbines :
1 . Windmill is usually installed after maintenance from 1.5 to 2 months , because the shrimp is strong enough to stirring water.
2 . Windmill installed 3-4 units / ha . Power solubility of O2 into the water by playing the windmill was reached 75-90 % .
6.2. Seeding
1 . Preparing Seeds ( Shrimp Fry )
Shrimp / prawn seeds can be obtained from the hatchery ( Hatchery ) or from nature . In nature there are two kinds of groups of tiger prawn seeds ( fry ) according to size, namely :
1 . Seeds are still fine , which is called post larvae . There are at the edges of the beach. Her life is pelagic , ie swimming near the surface of the water . The color is reddish brown . Length 9-15 mm . Beak head straight or slightly curved like the letter S with the overall shape like a jet . Its tail stretched out like a fan .
2 . large seeds or seeds that have been harshly called juvenile . Usually has entered the mouth of a river or canal. Her life is benthis , namely love dwells near the bottom waters or sometimes attached to objects immersed in water . He growled striped alternately brown and white or white and bluish green . Its body is blue -green or brownish to blackish . swimming leg blue striped yellow .
? How Catching Shrimp Fry :
1 . smooth seeds are captured by the tool and seser belabar .
? Belabar is a chain stretching from the bonds of dried banana leaves , grasses , straw , or any other ingredients .
? Activities arrests were made when the high tide .
? Belabar installed perpendicular to the coast , is attached to two poles , thus swinging at high-water mark .
? Or just tied to the peg at one end , while the other end is pulled by the penyeser while looped towards the end of the bound . After the circle is small enough , penyeseran undertaken around belabar .
1 . coarse seed also arrested with the tools seser direct manner or with tools diseser - FADs FADs made of tree branches that stuck to the bottom waters . Penyeseran undertaken around the FADs . natural seeding is done by sea water flowing into tambak . Usually performed by traditional farmers . Seed shrimp / shrimp fry nurseries must be obtained from good quality fry . The nature and characteristics of good quality fry obtained from nurseries are:
1 . Age and size of the fry should be uniform .
2 . When startled melentik healthy fries .
3 . no pale -colored fries .
4 . Body fries are not bent and not disabled.
2 . Seed Treatment and Care
1 . maintenance mode with a separate pool maintenance system that is both larval pool with a separate system , ie diatomae pool , pond , and swimming larvae were separated .
? Swimming diatomae
Diatomae for food shrimp larvae that are the result of fertilization is a species of Chaetoceros , Skeletonema danTetraselmis in the pool volume of 1000-2000 liters. diatomae a rather large species given to the larvae of Mysis period , although more like zooplankton .
? Swimming Parent
500 liter -sized pool which contains the parent shrimps containing eggs obtained from the marine / fishing . Eggs are usually out at night . The fertilized eggs hatch into nauplius and has been , transferred .
? Swimming Larvae
2000-80000 liter -sized swimming larvae . Artemia / zooplankton taken from the pool and given to diatomae Mysis shrimp larvae and post larvae ( PL5 - PL6 ) . dry and dried shrimp Artemia given to the larval period until zoa ( PL6 ) . PL5 - PL6 larval period was transferred to the wet buyaran 32-1000 density birds / m 2 , which each kalidiberi eat artemia or artificial foods , then fry PL20 - PL30 may be sold or stocked into the ponds.
1 . How to seedbed / nursery fry in the wet seedbed
? Growing nursery is part of the plot fry shrimp rearing ( ? 10 % of the total patch enlargement ) which is located in one corner with a depth of 30-50 cm , 26 - 31derajat C temperature and salinity 5-25 per mil . - plot was made of coconut leaves or palm leaves , so that fries are still weak shielded from the sun or rain .
? Seed the new arrivals , diaklitimasikan first. The seed is inserted in a plastic tub or a wooden tub filled with water salinity and temperature is nearly equal to the state during transportation . Then gradually the water are removed and replaced with water from a nursery plot .
? Density of the plot is 1000-3000 tails . Feed given a mixture of boiled chicken eggs and meat or fish, mashed shrimp .
? Additional feed Pellet mashed shrimp . Giving as much as 10-20 % pellets performed times the number of shrimp seed weight per day and given in the afternoon. Weight ? 0.003 grams of fine seeds and seed weight of roughly ? 0.5 to 0.8 g.
? Pellet can be made from flour rebon 40 % , 20 % refined rice bran , coconut cake 20 % , and 20 % starch .
? Food that is needed : a cup of feed for seedbed plots / nursery area of 100 m 2 or to 100,000 heads of fries and was given 3-4 times daily .
1 . How to seedbed in hapa
? hapa is a box made of nylon mesh netting with eyes 3-5 mm in order fries can not be escaped.
? hapa installed submerged and not touching the pond bottom in the plots of pond water changes easy to do , by way tie at the ditancamkan poles at the bottom of the ponds . Some fruit hapa rows can be mounted on a ponds .
? hapa size can be adjusted at will , for example length 4-6 m , width 1 to 1.5 m , height 0.5 to 1 m.
? Density of fry in hapa 500-1000 ind / m 2 .
? Feed can be either kelekap fries or moss - lichen from the plot of a pond in the vicinity. Can also be fed with artificial shrimp pellets crushed into powder first .
? Long maintenance fries in seedling 2-4 weeks , up to 3-5 cm in length with 70-90 % percentage of life .
? hapa -nets as walls should be cleaned once a week.
? hapa very useful for farmers , which is to place aklitimasi fries , or at any time be used to accommodate the desired fish or shrimp in order to stay alive.
1 . transportation mode :
1 . Transportation using plastic bags :
? Plastic bags yang a length of 40 cm , width 35 cm , and 0.008 mm thick , filled with water 1 / 3 part of the tail and filled seeds in 1000 .
? Plastic bags were given oxygen until ballooned and tied with rope .
? Plastic bags are included in the cardboard box that was given styrofore foam as a thermal barrier and a small plastic bag containing small pieces of ice which amount 10 % by weight of water .
? Seeds can be transported at a temperature of 27-30 degrees C for 10 hours by 10-20 % mortality rate .
1 . Transport by using a plastic jerry can :
? jerrycans used a 20 -liter size .
? jerrycans filled with water and a half parts and partly filled more pressurized oxygen .
? The number of seeds that can be transported between 500-700 animals per liter . During the 6-8 hour trip , his death rate of about 6 % .
? On the way jerry cans must be put to sleep , so that its surface became widespread, so benurnya not overlap .
? To lower temperature may use ice cubes .
1 . Time spreading Shrimp Fry
Should fry stocked in ponds at the time of the shade.
6.3. Magnification Maintenance
1 . Fertilization
Fertilization aims to encourage the growth of natural foods , namely : kelekap , moss , plankton , and benthos . How to fertilization :
1 . For growth kelekap
? Land that has been dried flat and sprinkled with coarse bran as much as 500 kg / ha .
? Then sprinkled with manure ( chicken manure , buffalo , horses, etc. ) , or compost as much as 1000 kg / ha .
? Pond irrigated until 50-10 cm , left to stagnate and evaporate until dry .
? After ponds are watered again until 50-10 cm , and sprinkled with manure or compost as much as 1000 kg / ha .
? At the same time added to inorganic fertilizers , namely urea 75 kg / ha and TSP ( Triple Super Phosphate ) 75 kg / ha .
? After five days later , kelekap began to grow . Water can be lifted up again gradually , until it 40 cm above the courtyard . And the shrimp can be removed.
? During maintenance, fertilizing aftershocks were held 1-2 times a month by using 10-25 kg urea / ha and TSP 5-15 kg / ha .
1 . For moss growth
? Land that has been drained , filled with water to melembabkannya , then planted the seeds of moss is plugged into the mud.
? Water included up to as high as 20 cm , and then fertilized with urea 14 kg / ha and TSP 8 kg / ha .
? Water is raised up to 40 cm after one week.
? Starting the second week, every week another fertilized with urea and TSP , respectively 10 previous dose .
? Mosses are less fertilizer will be colored yellow , while the fertilized will be the fresh green grass . Moss that is too thick will be harmful to the shrimp , therefore moss is used only for maintenance of shrimp mixed with other fish .
1 . For growth diatomae
? The amount of fertilizer nitrogen ( N ) and phosphorus ( P ) requires the ratio of about 30:1 . If the ratio approaches 1:1 , which grows is Dinoflagellate .
? As a source of N , nitrate -containing fertilizer is better than fertilizer containing ammonium , because it can dissolve in the water longer .
? Examples of fertilizers :
o Urea - CO ( NH2 ) 2 : N = 46.6 percentage .
o - ZA - Ammonium sulfate ( NH4 ) 2SO4 : percentage of N = 21 .
o - NH4Cl Ammonium chloride : the percentage of N = 25
o - NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate : the percentage of N = 37
o - Calcium nitrate Ca ( NO3 ) 2 : the percentage of N = 17
o Double - superphosphate Ca ( H2PO4 ) : percentage P = 26
Triple superphosphate o - P2O5 : percentage P = 39
o fertilization repeated several times , bit by bit every 70-10 days.
o Fertilization first , used 0.95 ppm and 0.11 ppm N P. If the pond area of 1 ha and average water height 60 cm , requiring 75-150 kg and 25-50 kg of urea fertilizer TSP.
o The growth of plankton observed by secci disc . Growth enough when at a depth of 30 cm , secci disc was visible.
o Quantity of fertilizer reduced when secci disc is not visible at a depth of 25 cm . However, if the disc does not seem secci at a depth of 35 cm, the dose of fertilizer should be added.
1 . Feeding
Food for every period of life of different shrimp . Food that can be used in shrimp farming wasaway from :
1 . Natural foods :
? Joined the level of the nauplius , backup the contents of the bag of food from their eggs.
? Joined Zoea level , the food of vegetable plankton , namely Diatomaeae ( Skeletonema , Navicula , Amphora , etc.) and Dinoflagellate ( Tetraselmis , etc. ) .
? Joined the level of Mysis , food animal plankton , Protozoa , Rotifera , ( Branchionus ), children tritip ( Balanus ) , son of the water flea ( copepods ) , etc. .
? Joined the level of post larvae (PL ) , and young shrimp ( juvenile ) , in addition to the food on eating well and Cyanophyceae Diatomaee that grows in the bottom waters ( benthic ) , oyster boy , tritip children , child - udanng crustaceans ( Crustacea ), other , worms annelids and also detritus (waste animal and plant membususk ) .
? Shrimp adult, soft food or animal flesh molluscs ( mussels , oysters , snails ) , worms Annelida , yaitut Pollychaeta worms , crustaceans, insects kids ( Chironomus ) , etc. .
? In farming , the shrimp can eat natural foods that grow in ponds , ie kelekap , algae , plankton , and benthos .
1 . Side dish
Additional food is usually required after 3 -month maintenance period . These additional foods can be:
? Bran mixed with finely chopped trash fish .
? bran mixed finely chopped trash fish, crabs , snails , and crustaceans .
? Skin buffalo or other remains of cattle slaughtered . buffalo leather is cut into pieces 2.5 cm 2 , then stabbed sate.
? Remnants of cutting the frog .
? Snail skin that has been solved .
? Food chicks .
? Meat clams and mussels .
? Trisipan collected from ponds and dipech skin.
1 . Artificial Food ( Pellets ) :
? Flour shrimp head or 20 % fish meal .
? 40 % of fine bran .
? coconut cake flour is 20 % .
? Wheat starch 19 % .
? Pfizer Azuamix Premix A or 1 % .
? How to manufacture :
o Flour starch diluted with water sufficiently , then dipanaskansampai thickens .
o The materials were mixed with starch and flip-flops and knead until evenly distributed.
o After flattening, round object formed and milled with a Meat Grinder . Results mill is dried until dry , then knead until broken during the average 1-2 cm .
o Quantity of shrimp diets and Feeding mode :
? Shrimp fed 4-6 times a day little by little.
? The number of feed given to the fry 15-20 % of body weight per day .
? The number of shrimp feed approximately 50-10 % adult body weight / day.
? The food is better in the afternoon .
1 . Pond Maintenance / Pond
1 . Replacement Air. Disposal of the water should be through the bottom, because this section is the worst condition . But when rain closed pond water is freshwater , of discharged through the top layer , while its revenues through the bottom.
2 . Stirring mechanically ( not usual ) . With stirring , the water can earn additional oxygen, or tercampurnya saltwater and freshwater. Stirring can use a mixer machine , outboard boat engines , or a windmill.
3 . Addition of chemicals ( not usual ) . Lack of oxygen, can be combined with Potassium Permanganate ( PK/KMnO4 ) . Quantity of 5-10 ppm ( 5-10 g / 1 ton of water ) , still not able to kill the shrimp . Lime burn as much as 200 kg / ha can also to cope with O2.
4 . Addition of water volume . When the high water temperature , adding water volume can be reduced . Need to be protective .
5 . Stop fertilizing and feeding . Fertilization and feeding be discontinued if the shrimp ponds appear to suffer and in bad condition.
6 . Get rid of dead fish and algae by using a ladle .
7 . Addition of the feed . Shrimp were given additional feed if showing symptoms of food deficiency , until the growth of natural food back to normal.
Technical improvements are necessary:
1 . Improvement of irrigation ponds to allow the mapped - plot of a pond obtain sufficient water and the quality and quantity, during the maintenance period.
2 . Pompanisasi , for ponds in areas with low tidal difference (less than 1 m ) , which is required every time change of water into or out of the ponds.
3 . Improvement of pond construction , yang meliputi konstruksi tanggul, pintu air saringan masuk ke dalam tambak agar tambak tidak mudah bocor, dan tanggul tidak longsor.
4. Perbaikan manajemen budidaya yang meliputi: cara pemupukan, padat penebaran yang optimal, pemberian pakan, cara pengelolaan air dan cara pemantauan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kesehatan udang.
7. HAMA DAN PENYAKIT
1. Hama
1. Lumut
Lumut yang pertumbuhannya berlebihan. Pengendalian: dapat dengan memelihara bandeng yang berukuran 8-12 cm sebanyak 200 ekor/ha.
2. Bangsa ketam
Membuat lubang di pematang, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan bocoran-bocoran.
3. Udang tanah (Thalassina anomala),
Membuat lubang di pematang.
4. Hewan-hewan penggerek kayu pintu air
Merusak pematang, merusak tanah dasar, dan merusak pintu air seperti remis penggerek (Teredo navalis), dan lain-lain.
5. Tritip (Balanus sp.) dan tiram (Crassostrea sp.)
Menempel pada bangunan-bangunan pintu air. Pengendalian hama bangsa ketam, udang tanah, hewan-hewan penggerek kayu pintu air sama dengan pengendalian lumut.
2. Golongan pemangsa (predator), dapat memangsa udang secara langsung, termasuk golongan buas, antara lain:
1. Ikan-ikan buas, seperti payus (Elops hawaiensis), kerong-kerong (Tehrapon tehraps), kakap (Lates calcarifer), keting (Macrones micracanthus), kuro (Polynemus sp.), dan lain-lain.
2. Ketam-ketaman, antara lain adalah kepiting (Scylla serrata).
3. Bangsa burung, seperti blekok (Ardeola ralloides speciosa), cangak (Ardea cinera rectirostris), pecuk cagakan (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), pecuk ulo (Anhinga rufa melanogaster), dan lain-lain.
4. Bangsa ular, seperti ular air atau ular kadut (Cerberus rhynchops, Fordonia leucobalia, dan Chersidrus granulatus).
5. Wingsang, wregul, sero, atau otter (Amblonyx cinerea dan Lutrogale perspicillata).
3. Golongan penyaing (kompetitor) adalah hewan yang menyaingi udang dalam hidupnya, baik mengenai pangan maupun papan.
1. Bangsa siput, seperti trisipan (Cerithidea cingulata), congcong (Telescopium telescopium).
2. Ikan liar, seperti mujair (Tilapia mosambica), belanak (Mugil spp), rekrek (Ambassis gymnocephalus), pernet (Aplocheilus javanicus), dan lain-lain.
3. Ketam-ketaman, seperti Saesarma sp. dan Uca sp.
4. Udang, yaitu udang kecil-kecil terutama jenis Cardina denticulata, dan lain-lain.
? Pengendalian:
1. Ikan-ikan buas dapat diberantas dengan bungkil biji teh yang mengandung racun saponin.
1. Bungkil biji teh adalah ampas yang dihasilkan dari biji teh yang diperas minyaknya dan banyak diproduksi di Cina.
2. Kadar saponin dalam tiap bungkil biji teh tidak sama, tetapi biasanya dengan 150-200 kg bungkil biji teh per Ha tambak sudah cukup efektif mematikan ikan liar/buas tanpa mematikan udang yang dipelihara.
3. Daya racun saponin terhadap ikan 50 kali lebih besar daripada terhadap udang.
4. Daya racun saponin akan hilang sendiri dalam waktu 2-3 hari di dalam air. Setelah diracun dengan bungkil biji teh, air tambak tidak perlu dibuang, sebab residu bungkil itu dapat menambah kesuburan tambaknya.
5. Daya racun saponin berkurang apabila digunakan pada air dengan kadar garam rendah. Tambak dengan kedalaman 1 meter dan kadar garam air tambak > 15 permil, bungkil biji teh yang digunakan cukup 120 kg/Ha saja, sedangkan kalau lebih rendah harus 200 kg/Ha. Untuk penghematan air tambak dapat diturunkan sampai 1/3-nya, sehingga bungkil yang diberikan hanya 1/3 yang seharusnya. Setelah 6 jam air tambak dinaikkan lagi, sehingga kadar saponin menjadi lebih encer.
6. Penggunaan bungkil ini akan lebih efektif pada siang hari, pukul 12.00 atau 13.00.
7. Sebelum digunakan bungkil ditumbuk dulu menjadi tepung, kemudian direndam dalam air selama beberapa jam atau semalam. Setelah itu air tersebut dipercik-percikan ke seluruh tambak. Sementara menabur bungkil, kincir dalam tambak diputar agar saponin teraduk merata.
8. Rotenon dari akar deris (tuba).
1. Akar deris dari alam mengandung 5-8 %o rotenon. Akar yang masih kecil lebih banyak mengandung rotenon.Zat ini dapat membunuh ikan pada kadar 1-4 ppm, tetapi batas yang mematikan udang tidak jauh berbeda.
2. Dalam air berkadar garam rendah, daya racunnya lebih baik/lebih kuat daripada yang berkadar garam tinggi.
3. Sebelum digunakan, akar tuba dipotong kecil-kecil, kemudian direndam dalam dalam air selama 24 jam. Setelah itu akar ditumbuk sampai lumat, dimasukkan ke dalam air sambil diremas-remas sampai air berwarna putih susu.
4. Dosis yang diperlukan adalah 4-6 kg/Ha tambak, apabila kedalaman air 8 cm. Daya racun rotenon sudah hilang setelah 4 hari.
5. Ikan liar, ikan buas, dan siput dapat juga diberantas dengan nikotin pada takaran 12-15 kg/Ha atau sisa-sisa tembakau dengan takaran antara 200- 400 kg/Ha.
1. Sisa-sisa tembakau ditebarkan di tambak sesudah tanah dasar dikeringkan dan kemudian diairi lagi setinggi ? 10 cm.
2. Setelah ditebarkan, dibiarkan selama 2-3 hari, agar racun nikotinnya dapat membunuh hama. Sementara itu airnya dibiarkan sampai habis menguap selama 7 hari.
3. Setelah itu tambak diairi lagi tanpa dicuci dulu, sebab sisa tembakau sudah tidak beracun lagi dan dapat berfungsi sebagai pupuk.
4. Brestan-60 dapat digunakan untuk memberantas hama, terutama trisipan.
1. Brestan-60 adalah semacam bahan kimia yang berupa bubuk berwarna krem dan hampir tidak berbau. Bahan aktifnya adalah trifenil asetat stanan sebanyak 60%.
2. Takaran yang dibutuhkan adalah 1 kg/Ha, apabila kedalaman air 16-20 cm dan kadar garamnya 28-40%. Makin dalam airnya dan makin rendah kadar garamnya, takaran yang dibutuhkan makin banyak.
3. Daya racunnya lebih baik pada waktu terik matahari.
4. Cara penggunaan:
? Air dalam petakan disurutkan sampai ? 10 cm. Pintu air dan tempat yang bocor ditutup.
? Bubuk Brestan-60 yang telah ditakar dilarutkan dalam air secukupnya, kemudian dipercik-percikkan ke permukaan air.
? Air dibiarkan menggenang selama 4-10 hari, agar siputnya mati semua.
? Setelah itu tambak dicuci 2-3 kali, dengan memasukkan dan mengeluarkan air pada waktu pasang dan surut.
1. Sevin dicampur dengan cincangan daging ikan, kemudian dibentuk bulatan, dapat digunakan sebagai umpan untuk meracuni kepiting. Karbid (Kalsium karbida) dimasukkan ke dalam lubang kepiting, disiram air dan kemudian. Gas asetilen yang timbul akan membunuh kepiting. Abu sekam yang dimasukkan ke dalam lubang kepiting, akan melekat pada insang dan dapat mematikan.
2. Usaha untuk mengusir burung adalah dengan memasang pancang-pancang bambu atau kayu di petakan tambakan.
3. Cara memberantas udang renik (wereng tambak): menggunakan Sumithion dengan dosis 0,002 mg/liter pada hari pertama dan ditambah 0,003 mg/liter pada hari kedua. Kadar yang dapat mematikan udang adalah 0,008 mg/liter. Selalu memeriksa lokasi baik siang maupun malam.
4. Penyakit asal virus.
1. Monodon Baculo Virus (MBV)
Keberadanya tidak perlu dikhawatirkan, karena tidak berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan udang. Penyebab: kondisi stres saat pemindahan post larva ke kolam pembesaran.
2. Infectious Hypodermal Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)
Gejala:
1. udang berenang tidak normal, yaitu sangat perlahan-lahan, muncul ke permukaan dan mengambang dengan perut di ata;
2. bila alat geraknya (pleopod dan Periopod) berhenti bergerak, udang akan tenggelam di bawah kolam;
3. udang akan mati dalam waktu 4-12 jam sejak mulai timbulnya gejala tersebut. Udang penderita banyak yang mati pada saat moulting;
4. pada kondisi yang akut, kulitnya akan terlihat keputih-putihan dan tubuhnya berwarna putih keruh;
5. permukaan tubuhnya akan ditumbuhi oleh diatomae, bakteri atau parasit jamur;
6. pada kulit luar terlihat nekrosis pada kutikula, syaraf, antena, dan pada mukosa usus depan dan tengah. Pengendalian: perbaikan kualitas air.
7. Hepatopancreatic Parvo-like Virus
Gejala: terutama menyerang hepatopankreas, sehingga dalam pemeriksaan hepatopankreasnya secara mikroskopik terlihat degenerasi dan adanya inklusion bodies dalam se-sel organ tersebut. Pengendalian: perbaikan kualitas air.
8. Cytoplamic Reo-like Virus
Gejala:
1. udang berkumpul di tepi kolam dan berenang di permukaan air;
2. kematian udang di mulai pada hari 7-9 setelah penebaran benih (stocking) di kolam post larva umur 18 hari. Pengendalian: belum diketahui secara pasti, yang penting adalah perbaikan kualitas air.
3. Ricketsiae
Gejala:
1. udang berenang di pinggir kolam dalam keadaan lemah;
2. udang berwarna lebih gelap, tak ada nafsu makan, pada beberapa udang terlihat benjolan-benjolan kecil keputih-putihan pada dinding usus bagian tengah (mid gut);
3. adanya koloni riketsia, peradangan dan pembengkakan jaringan ikat;
4. kematian udang mulai terjadi pada minggu ke-7 atau 9 setelah penebaran benih (post larva hari ke-15-25). Angka kematian naik pada hari ke-5 sampai 7, sejak mulai terjadi kematian, kemudian menurun sampai tak ada kematian. Tiga hari kemudian kematian timbul lagi, begitu seterusnya sampai udang dipanen. Pengendalian: menggunakan antibiotik (oksitetrasiklin, sulfasoxasol, dan nitrofurazon) dicampur makanan dapat mengurangi angka kematian, tetapi bila konsentrasi antibiotik menurun, kematian akan timbul lagi.
5. Penyakit asal Bakteri
1. Bakteri nekrosis
? Penyebab:
1. bakteri dari genus Vibrio;
2. merupakan infeksi sekunder dari infeksi pertama yang disebabkan oleh luka, erosi bahan kimia atau lainnya.
? Gejala:
1. muncul beberapa nekrosis (berwarna kecoklatan) di beberapa tempat (multilokal), yaitu pada antena, uropod, pleopod, dan beberapa alat tambahan lainnya;
2. usus penderita kosong, karena tidak ada nafsu makan.
? Pengendalian:
1. Pemberian antibiotik dalam kolam pembenihan, miaslnya furanace 1 mg/l, oksitetrasiklin 60-250 mg/l dan erytromycin 1 mg/l;
2. Pengeringan, pembersihan dan disinfeksi dalam kolam pembenihan, serta menjaga kebersihan alat-alat yang digunakan;
3. pemeliharaan kualias air dan sanitasi yang baik.
4. Bakteri Septikemia
? Penyebab:
1. Vibrio alginolictus, V. parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas sp., dan Pseudomonas sp.;
2. merupakan infeksi sekunder dari infeksi pertama yan disebabkan defisiensi vitamin C, toxin, luka dan karena stres yang berat.
? Gejala:
1. menyerang larva dan post larva;
2. terdapat sel-sel bakteri yang aktif dalam haemolymph (sistem darah udang).
? Pengendalian:
1. pemberian antibiotik dalam kolam pembenihan, misalnya furanace 1 mg/l, oksitetrasiklin 60-250 mg/l dan erytromycin 1 mg/l;
2. pemeliharaan kualias air dan sanitasi yang baik.
3. Penyakit asal Parasit
Dapat menyebabkan penurunan berat badan, penurunan kualitas, kepekaan terhadap infeksi virus/bakteri dan beberapa parasit dapat menyebabkan
kemandulan (Bopyrid).
1. Parasit cacing
1. Cacing Cestoda, yaitu
? Polypochepalus sp., bentuk cyste dari cacing ini terdapat dalam jaringan ikat di sepanjang syaraf bagian ventral.
? Parachristianella monomegacantha, berparasit dalam jaringan inter-tubuler hepatopankreas.
1. Cacing Trematoda: Opecoeloides sp., yang ditemukan pada dinding proventriculus dan usus.
2. Cacing Nematoda: Contracaecum sp., menyerang hepatopankreas udang yang hidup secara alamiah.
3. Parasit Isopoda
Dapat menghambat perkembangan alat reproduksi udang. Parasit ini menempel di daerah branchial insang (persambung antara insang dengan tubuh udang), sehingga menghambat perkembangan gonad (sel telur) pada udang.
4. Penyakit asal Jamur
? Menyerang udang periode larva dan post larva yang dapat mati dalam waktu 24 jam.
? Penyebab:
1. Jamur Phycomycetes yang termasuk genus Lagenedium dan Sirolpidium;
2. penyebarannya terjadi pada waktu pemberian pakan.
? Pengendalian:
1. pemberian malachite green (0,006-0,1 mg/l) atau trifuralin (0,01 pp,) 3-6 kali sehari akan mencegah penyebaran jamur ke larva yang sehat;
2. jalan filtrasi air laut untuk pembenihan;
3. pencucian telur udang berkali-kali dengan air laut yang bersih atau air laut yang diberi malachite green atau trifuralin, karena dapat menghilangkan zoospora dari jamur.
8. PANEN
Udang yang siap panen adalah udang yang telah berumur 5-6 bulan masa pemeliharaan. Dengan syarat mutu yang baik, yaitu:
1. ukurannya besar
2. kulitnya keras, bersih, licin, bersinar dan badan tidak cacat
3. masih dalam keadaan hidup dan segar.
4. Penangkapan
1. Penangkapan sebagian
1. Dengan menggunakan Prayang, yang terbuat dari bambu, yang terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu kere sebagai pengarah dan perangkap berbentuk jantung sebagai tempat trap. Prayang installed at the edge of the pond , with kerenya perpendicular transverse ridge and traps located at the end of puppy . Fitting prayang done at night when there was a big tide and above were given lamps to attract the shrimp . prayang hole was made 4 cm , so that the trapped shrimp just bigger. At the mouth hole nylon ropes or wires that cross the distance of each about 4 cm .
2 . By using throw nets . Catching done at night . partially reduced pond water for easy catching . Arrests were made by going into the pond . Catching up with nets can be done if the size of shrimp in ponds is uniform .
3 . By using his bare hands . Done in the afternoon , because the shrimp is usually quiet in the mud .
4 . Arrest total
1 . total arrests can be done by draining the ponds. Drying can be done with the pond water pump , or if there is no must pay attention to tides . Night / early morning before the arrests , the water removed from the ponds when the water slowly receded . In semi-intensive ponds , water disurutkan until caren , so the depth of 10-20 cm of water .
2 . By using large seser mouth soaked in pond bottom mud / caren , then lifting it up if it encouraged a lot of shrimp is estimated to have an entry in seser . And this method is repeated .
3 . Using nets, usually done a lot of people .
4 . By using kerei or nets that are in accordance with a wide breadth caren . base mud shrimp hiding place abuzz encouraged by some people who hold kerei or the web, go to the front door of the water . At the front door of shrimp water intercepted by other kerei . Shrimp collected in a puddle near the door ai , thus easily captured .
5 . By installing netting fences wide or long enough in the sewer water. Floodgates opened and regulated to prevent water flowing perlaha - land , so the shrimp is not much left to hide in the mud . Shrimp will be out with water and tertadah in nets attached and easily rounded up with seser .
6 . By using nets ( trawling ) electricity . These nets are two cone- shaped . Body bags have a rectangular aperture . below the mouth of the bag in the pairs of weights that can be drowned in the mud. The top of the net mouth was given to a floating buoy on the surface of the water . Parts of the lower lip mouth nets installed electrified wires that can be 3-12 volt power . The electricity runs through wires in the floor of the mouth in shrimp nets will be a surprise hit , then the shrimp will jump and go into the net.
5 . Cleaning
Shrimp that has been captured is collected and cleaned. Then the shrimp were weighed and selected according to the quality of the same size and not disabled.
9 . Postharvest
Some important things to note in the post-harvest handling :
1 . The tools used must be clean .
2 . Handling must be fast , thorough, and careful .
3 . Avoid direct sunlight .
4 . Wash shrimp from dirt and mud with clean water .
5 . Enter into a basket , bucket, or barrel , and flush with clean water .
6 . Always use ice cubes to cool and preserve shrimp.
7 . Besides cooling , it can also be soaked in a solution of 100 ppm NaCl to preserve shrimp at room temperature and for the killing of bacteria ( Salmonella , Vibrio , Staphylococcus ) .
8 . Grouped by type and size.
10 . ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CULTURE
1 . Cultivation of Business Analysis
Estimates of business analysis enlargement Shrimp Pole Village Caringin Tangkil District of Bogor Regency . During two seasons ( one year ) in the year 1999 are as follows :
1 . Production Costs
1 . Land
? Leases of land two years USD . 3.2 million , -
? Processing of land USD . 125 000 , -
1 . Seed
? Shrimp Fry tail USD 60 000 . 16 , - USD . 960 000 , -
1 . Feed
? UG 86.40 801 kg @ Rp 2600 , - USD . 224 460 , -
? UG 802 USD 590.40 Kg . 2400 , - USD . 1.41696 million , -
? UG 803 kg 1882.57 USD . 2300 , - USD . 4.3299 million , -
1 . Medicines and fertilizers
? BCK 4 liters @ Rp . 12.500, - Rp 50.000, -
? Sanponin 40 kg @ Rp 1500 , - USD . 60 000 , -
? Urea 10 kg @ Rp 2000 , - USD . 20 000 , -
? KCL 10 kg @ Rp 2500 , - RP . 25.000, -
? Manure 20 kg @ Rp 500 , - USD . 10.000, -
? Lime 100 kg @ Rp . 1000 , - USD . 100.000, -
1 . Tool
? Scales 1 unit @ USD . 100.000, - USD . 100.000, -
? Pen pH one unit @ USD . 50.000, - USD . 50.000, -
? Jala / Nets 2 units @ USD . 25 000 , - USD . 50.000, -
? hoe 3 Units @ Rp . 6000 , - USD . 18 000 , -
? Skoop 1 unit @ USD . 6000 , - USD . 6000 , -
? inlet 3 units @ USD . 4500 , - USD . 13 500 , -
? Plastic 20 meters @ Rp . 2000 , - USD . 40.000, -
? Filter for 10 meters @ Rp . 2500 , - USD . 25.000, -
? Plastic Buckets 3 units @ USD . 5000 , - USD . 15.000, -
? Basket 5 units @ USD . 5500 , - USD . 16 500 , -
1 . Labor
? Power Equipment 12 MM @ Rp 250.000, - USD . 1.500.000, -
? Power Equipment No 10 OH @ USD $ 8000.00 USD . 80.000, -
1 . Other
? Electricity Bills 6 months @ Rp 15.000, - USD . 90.000, -
? Transportation USD . 20 000 , -
1 . Unexpected costs 10 % to Rp . 1,254,532 , -
Total production costs Rp 12,545,320 , -
2 . Revenues two seasons / year : 1912.3 kg @ Rp 19.000, - Rp.34.463.700 , -
3 . Profit per year / 2 seasons Rp.21.918.380 , -
Profit per season ( six months ) to Rp . 4.68653 million , -
4 . feasibility parameters
1 . B / C ratio of 1.37 per season
2 . On the basis of Unit: BEP = FC / P - V 206.4 kg
3 . On the basis of Sales : BEP = FC/1- ( VC / R ) USD 3.68854 million , -10.2 .
Agribusiness Opportunity Overview
Until now, the cultivation of shrimp is a commodity that has good prospects , both for domestic consumption and foreign consumption . This is shown by the increasing export demand for shrimp.
Posted by Tono Suhar
Source : http://suhartono1.blogspot.com/ < / span >
reff : http://perikanannews.blogspot.com/2010/09/budidaya-udang-windu.html
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